diff --git a/spring-jdbc/src/main/java/org/springframework/jdbc/support/SQLErrorCodes.java b/spring-jdbc/src/main/java/org/springframework/jdbc/support/SQLErrorCodes.java
index 34d4ca66108..e2276c3c4c5 100644
--- a/spring-jdbc/src/main/java/org/springframework/jdbc/support/SQLErrorCodes.java
+++ b/spring-jdbc/src/main/java/org/springframework/jdbc/support/SQLErrorCodes.java
@@ -123,7 +123,7 @@ public class SQLErrorCodes {
 	}
 
 	public void setDuplicateKeyCodes(String... duplicateKeyCodes) {
-		this.duplicateKeyCodes = duplicateKeyCodes;
+		this.duplicateKeyCodes = StringUtils.sortStringArray(duplicateKeyCodes);
 	}
 
 	public void setDataIntegrityViolationCodes(String... dataIntegrityViolationCodes) {
diff --git a/spring-jdbc/src/test/java/org/springframework/jdbc/support/SQLErrorCodeSQLExceptionTranslatorTests.java b/spring-jdbc/src/test/java/org/springframework/jdbc/support/SQLErrorCodeSQLExceptionTranslatorTests.java
index 1f02db5aca6..3e96ff7f33f 100644
--- a/spring-jdbc/src/test/java/org/springframework/jdbc/support/SQLErrorCodeSQLExceptionTranslatorTests.java
+++ b/spring-jdbc/src/test/java/org/springframework/jdbc/support/SQLErrorCodeSQLExceptionTranslatorTests.java
@@ -107,6 +107,20 @@ class SQLErrorCodeSQLExceptionTranslatorTests {
 				.hasCause(sqlException);
 	}
 
+	@Test  // gh-37235
+	void duplicateKeyCodesDeclaredInUnsortedOrder() {
+		SQLErrorCodes errorCodes = new SQLErrorCodes();
+		errorCodes.setDuplicateKeyCodes("90002", "1586", "1062");
+		SQLErrorCodeSQLExceptionTranslator unsortedCodesTranslator = new SQLErrorCodeSQLExceptionTranslator(errorCodes);
+
+		for (int errorCode : new int[] {90002, 1586, 1062}) {
+			SQLException sqlException = new SQLException("", "", errorCode);
+			assertThat(unsortedCodesTranslator.translate("task", "SQL", sqlException))
+					.isInstanceOf(DuplicateKeyException.class)
+					.hasCause(sqlException);
+		}
+	}
+
 	@Test
 	void batchExceptionTranslation() {
 		SQLException badSqlEx = new SQLException("", "", 1);