docs: update doc and add graduation blog (#3729 )

Signed-off-by: tomsun28 <tomsun28@outlook.com> Co-authored-by: TJxiaobao <2922035952@qq.com>
[improve] optimize the incident list on the status page to support paginated queries (#3727 )
2026-09-17 18:19:02 +00:00 · 2025-08-30 17:34:50 +08:00 · 2025-08-30 11:23:10 +08:00 · 2025-08-30 00:02:29 +08:00 · 2025-08-29 00:07:49 +08:00 · 2025-08-28 23:56:22 +08:00
678 changed files with 25512 additions and 7201 deletions
@@ -6,6 +6,7 @@
  "files": [
    "README.md",
    "README_CN.md",
+    "README_JP.md"
    "home/src/pages/team/index.jsx"
  ],
  "imageSize": 100,
@@ -2504,6 +2505,24 @@
        "code",
        "test"
      ]
+    },
+    {
+      "login": "RainBondsongyg",
+      "name": "songyg",
+      "avatar_url": "https://avatars.githubusercontent.com/u/94501396?v=4",
+      "profile": "https://github.com/RainBondsongyg",
+      "contributions": [
+        "doc"
+      ]
+    },
+    {
+      "login": "lx1229",
+      "name": "Liuxin",
+      "avatar_url": "https://avatars.githubusercontent.com/u/44620005?v=4",
+      "profile": "https://github.com/lx1229",
+      "contributions": [
+        "code"
+      ]
    }
  ],
  "contributorsPerLine": 7,
@@ -16,7 +16,7 @@
 #

 github:
-  description: Apache HertzBeat(incubating) is a real-time monitoring system with agentless, performance cluster, prometheus-compatible, custom monitoring and status page building capabilities.
+  description: Real-time observability system with agentless, performance cluster, prometheus-compatible, custom monitoring and status page building capabilities.
  homepage: https://hertzbeat.apache.org/
  labels:
    - monitoring
@@ -52,6 +52,9 @@ github:
      required_pull_request_reviews:
        dismiss_stale_reviews: true
        required_approving_review_count: 1
+  # enable GitHub Dependabot to create PRs for security alerts but not for every dependency update
+  dependabot_alerts:  true
+  dependabot_updates: false
 notifications:
  commits: notifications@hertzbeat.apache.org
  issues: notifications@hertzbeat.apache.org
@@ -46,7 +46,7 @@ jobs:
      - uses: ./script/ci/github-actions/setup-deps

      - name: Build with Maven
-        run: mvn clean -B package -Prelease -Dmaven.test.skip=false --file pom.xml
+        run: mvnd clean -B package -Prelease -Dmaven.test.skip=false --file pom.xml

      - name: Upload coverage reports to Codecov
        uses: codecov/codecov-action@v4.0.1
@@ -49,11 +49,9 @@ jobs:
      - name: Dead Link Check
        run: |
          sudo npm install -g markdown-link-check@3.8.7
-          for file in $(find ./home -name "*.md"); do
-            if ! grep -Fxq "$file" ./script/ci/exclude_files.txt; then
-              markdown-link-check -c ./script/ci/link_check.json -q "$file"
-            fi
-          done
+          find ./home -name "*.md" > all_md_files.txt
+          grep -vFf ./script/ci/exclude_files.txt all_md_files.txt > to_check.txt
+          xargs -P 8 -a to_check.txt -I{} markdown-link-check -c ./script/ci/link_check.json -q "{}"

      - name: NPM INSTALL
        working-directory: home
@@ -67,6 +67,7 @@ header:
    - 'karma.conf.js'
    - 'proxy.conf.js'
    - '.helmignore'
+    - 'script/helm/**'
    - 'web-app/src/app/core/**'
    - 'web-app/src/app/layout/**'
    - 'web-app/src/app/routes/exception/**'
@@ -1,10 +0,0 @@
-Apache HertzBeat (incubating) is an effort undergoing incubation at the Apache 
-Software Foundation (ASF), sponsored by the Apache Incubator PMC.
-
-Incubation is required of all newly accepted projects until a further review
-indicates that the infrastructure, communications, and decision making process
-have stabilized in a manner consistent with other successful ASF projects.
-
-While incubation status is not necessarily a reflection of the completeness
-or stability of the code, it does indicate that the project has yet to be
-fully endorsed by the ASF.
@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-Apache HertzBeat (incubating)
+Apache HertzBeat™
 Copyright 2024-2025 The Apache Software Foundation

 This product includes software developed at
@@ -9,7 +9,7 @@
 <b><a href="README.md">English</a></b> | <a href="README_CN.md">中文</a> | <a href="README_JP.md">日本語</a>
 </p>

-> A real-time monitoring system with agentless, performance cluster, prometheus-compatible, custom monitoring and status page building capabilities.
+> A real-time observability system with agentless, performance cluster, prometheus-compatible, custom monitoring and status page building capabilities.

 [![Discord](https://img.shields.io/badge/Chat-Discord-7289DA?logo=discord)](https://discord.gg/Fb6M73htGr)
 [![Reddit](https://img.shields.io/badge/Reddit-Community-7289DA?logo=reddit)](https://www.reddit.com/r/hertzbeat/)
@@ -28,7 +28,7 @@

 ## 🎡 <font color="green">Introduction</font>

-[Apache HertzBeat](https://github.com/apache/hertzbeat) (incubating) is an easy-to-use, open source, real-time monitoring system with agentless, high performance cluster, prometheus-compatible, offers powerful custom monitoring and status page building capabilities.   
+[Apache HertzBeat™](https://github.com/apache/hertzbeat) is an easy-to-use, open source, real-time observability system with agentless, high performance cluster, prometheus-compatible, offers powerful custom monitoring and status page building capabilities.   

 ### Features

@@ -527,6 +527,8 @@ Thanks to these wonderful people, welcome to join us:
    </tr>
    <tr>
      <td align="center" valign="top" width="14.28%"><a href="https://github.com/xiaomizhou2"><img src="https://avatars.githubusercontent.com/u/47807926?v=4?s=100" width="100px;" alt="zhangyaxi"/><br /><sub><b>zhangyaxi</b></sub></a><br /><a href="https://github.com/apache/hertzbeat/commits?author=xiaomizhou2" title="Code">💻</a> <a href="https://github.com/apache/hertzbeat/commits?author=xiaomizhou2" title="Tests">⚠️</a></td>
+      <td align="center" valign="top" width="14.28%"><a href="https://github.com/RainBondsongyg"><img src="https://avatars.githubusercontent.com/u/94501396?v=4?s=100" width="100px;" alt="songyg"/><br /><sub><b>songyg</b></sub></a><br /><a href="https://github.com/apache/hertzbeat/commits?author=RainBondsongyg" title="Documentation">📖</a></td>
+      <td align="center" valign="top" width="14.28%"><a href="https://github.com/lx1229"><img src="https://avatars.githubusercontent.com/u/44620005?v=4?s=100" width="100px;" alt="Liuxin"/><br /><sub><b>Liuxin</b></sub></a><br /><a href="https://github.com/apache/hertzbeat/commits?author=lx1229" title="Code">💻</a></td>
    </tr>
  </tbody>
 </table>
@@ -9,7 +9,7 @@
 <a href="README.md">English</a> | <b><a href="README_CN.md">中文</a></b> | <a href="README_JP.md">日本語</a>
 </p>

-> 实时监控系统，无需 Agent，性能集群，兼容 Prometheus，自定义监控和状态页构建能力。
+> 实时观测系统，无需 Agent，性能集群，兼容 Prometheus，自定义监控和状态页构建能力。

 [![Discord](https://img.shields.io/badge/Chat-Discord-7289DA?logo=discord)](https://discord.gg/Fb6M73htGr)
 [![Reddit](https://img.shields.io/badge/Reddit-Community-7289DA?logo=reddit)](https://www.reddit.com/r/hertzbeat/)
@@ -28,16 +28,16 @@

 ## 🎡 <font color="green">介绍</font>

-[Apache HertzBeat](https://github.com/apache/hertzbeat) （incubating）是一个易用友好的开源实时监控告警系统，无需 Agent，高性能集群，兼容 Prometheus，提供强大的自定义监控和状态页构建能力。     
+[Apache HertzBeat™](https://github.com/apache/hertzbeat) 是一个易用友好的开源实时监控告警系统，无需 Agent，高性能集群，兼容 Prometheus，提供强大的自定义监控和状态页构建能力。     

 ### 特点

 - 集 **监控+告警+通知** 为一体，支持对应用服务，应用程序，数据库，缓存，操作系统，大数据，中间件，Web 服务器，云原生，网络，自定义等监控阈值告警通知一步到位。
- 易用友好，无需 `Agent`，全 `WEB` 页面操作，鼠标点一点就能监控告警，零上手学习成本。    
- 将 `Http, Jmx, Ssh, Snmp, Jdbc, Prometheus` 等协议规范可配置化，只需在浏览器配置监控模板 `YML` 就能使用这些协议去自定义采集想要的指标。您相信只需配置下就能立刻适配一款 `K8s` 或 `Docker` 等新的监控类型吗？  
+- 易用友好，无需 `Agent`，全 `WEB` 页面操作，鼠标点一点就能监控告警，无需学习成本。    
+- 将 `Http, Jmx, Ssh, Snmp, Jdbc, Prometheus` 等协议规范可配置化，只需在浏览器配置监控模板 `YML` 就能使用这些协议去自定义采集想要的指标。您相信只需简单配置即可快速适配一款 `K8s` 或 `Docker` 等新的监控类型吗？  
 - 兼容 `Prometheus` 的系统生态并且更多，只需页面操作就可以监控 `Prometheus` 所能监控的。
 - 高性能，支持多采集器集群横向扩展，支持多隔离网络监控，云边协同。
- 自由的告警阈值规则，`邮件` `Discord` `Slack` `Telegram` `钉钉` `微信` `飞书` `短信` `Webhook` `Server酱` 等方式消息及时送达。
+- 灵活的告警阈值规则，`邮件` `Discord` `Slack` `Telegram` `钉钉` `微信` `飞书` `短信` `Webhook` `Server酱` 等方式消息及时送达。
 - 提供强大的状态页构建能力，轻松向用户传达您产品服务的实时状态。


@@ -126,7 +126,7 @@

   - `-e IDENTITY=custom-collector-name` : 配置此采集器的唯一性标识符名称，多个采集器名称不能相同，建议自定义英文名称。
    - `-e MODE=public` : 配置运行模式(public or private), 公共集群模式或私有云边模式。
-    - `-e MANAGER_HOST=127.0.0.1` : 配置连接主 HertaBeat 服务的对外 IP。
+    - `-e MANAGER_HOST=127.0.0.1` : 配置连接主 HertzBeat 服务的对外 IP。
    - `-e MANAGER_PORT=1158` : 配置连接主 HertzBeat 服务的对外端口，默认1158。


@@ -525,6 +525,8 @@ Thanks these wonderful people, welcome to join us:
    </tr>
    <tr>
      <td align="center" valign="top" width="14.28%"><a href="https://github.com/xiaomizhou2"><img src="https://avatars.githubusercontent.com/u/47807926?v=4?s=100" width="100px;" alt="zhangyaxi"/><br /><sub><b>zhangyaxi</b></sub></a><br /><a href="https://github.com/apache/hertzbeat/commits?author=xiaomizhou2" title="Code">💻</a> <a href="https://github.com/apache/hertzbeat/commits?author=xiaomizhou2" title="Tests">⚠️</a></td>
+      <td align="center" valign="top" width="14.28%"><a href="https://github.com/RainBondsongyg"><img src="https://avatars.githubusercontent.com/u/94501396?v=4?s=100" width="100px;" alt="songyg"/><br /><sub><b>songyg</b></sub></a><br /><a href="https://github.com/apache/hertzbeat/commits?author=RainBondsongyg" title="Documentation">📖</a></td>
+      <td align="center" valign="top" width="14.28%"><a href="https://github.com/lx1229"><img src="https://avatars.githubusercontent.com/u/44620005?v=4?s=100" width="100px;" alt="Liuxin"/><br /><sub><b>Liuxin</b></sub></a><br /><a href="https://github.com/apache/hertzbeat/commits?author=lx1229" title="Code">💻</a></td>
    </tr>
  </tbody>
 </table>
@@ -525,6 +525,12 @@ Thanks these wonderful people, welcome to join us:
      <td align="center" valign="top" width="14.28%"><a href="https://github.com/boyucjz"><img src="https://avatars.githubusercontent.com/u/18730041?v=4?s=100" width="100px;" alt="boyucjz"/><br /><sub><b>boyucjz</b></sub></a><br /><a href="https://github.com/apache/hertzbeat/commits?author=boyucjz" title="Code">💻</a></td>
      <td align="center" valign="top" width="14.28%"><a href="https://github.com/Cyanty"><img src="https://avatars.githubusercontent.com/u/153884653?v=4?s=100" width="100px;" alt="Cyanty"/><br /><sub><b>Cyanty</b></sub></a><br /><a href="https://github.com/apache/hertzbeat/commits?author=Cyanty" title="Code">💻</a> <a href="https://github.com/apache/hertzbeat/commits?author=Cyanty" title="Documentation">📖</a></td>
      <td align="center" valign="top" width="14.28%"><a href="https://github.com/KevinLLF"><img src="https://avatars.githubusercontent.com/u/85452733?v=4?s=100" width="100px;" alt="Jay丿167"/><br /><sub><b>Jay丿167</b></sub></a><br /><a href="https://github.com/apache/hertzbeat/commits?author=KevinLLF" title="Code">💻</a></td>
+      <td align="center" valign="top" width="14.28%"><a href="https://github.com/Duansg"><img src="https://avatars.githubusercontent.com/u/112607719?v=4?s=100" width="100px;" alt="Duansg"/><br /><sub><b>Duansg</b></sub></a><br /><a href="https://github.com/apache/hertzbeat/commits?author=Duansg" title="Documentation">📖</a></td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td align="center" valign="top" width="14.28%"><a href="https://github.com/xiaomizhou2"><img src="https://avatars.githubusercontent.com/u/47807926?v=4?s=100" width="100px;" alt="zhangyaxi"/><br /><sub><b>zhangyaxi</b></sub></a><br /><a href="https://github.com/apache/hertzbeat/commits?author=xiaomizhou2" title="Code">💻</a> <a href="https://github.com/apache/hertzbeat/commits?author=xiaomizhou2" title="Tests">⚠️</a></td>
+      <td align="center" valign="top" width="14.28%"><a href="https://github.com/RainBondsongyg"><img src="https://avatars.githubusercontent.com/u/94501396?v=4?s=100" width="100px;" alt="songyg"/><br /><sub><b>songyg</b></sub></a><br /><a href="https://github.com/apache/hertzbeat/commits?author=RainBondsongyg" title="Documentation">📖</a></td>
+      <td align="center" valign="top" width="14.28%"><a href="https://github.com/lx1229"><img src="https://avatars.githubusercontent.com/u/44620005?v=4?s=100" width="100px;" alt="Liuxin"/><br /><sub><b>Liuxin</b></sub></a><br /><a href="https://github.com/apache/hertzbeat/commits?author=lx1229" title="Code">💻</a></td>
    </tr>
  </tbody>
 </table>
@@ -1,6 +1,6 @@
 # Security Policy

-Apache HertzBeat follows the [ASF vulnerability handling process](https://apache.org/security/#vulnerability-handling)
+Apache HertzBeat™ follows the [ASF vulnerability handling process](https://apache.org/security/#vulnerability-handling)

 ## Supported Versions

@@ -17,6 +17,6 @@ To report a new vulnerability you have discovered please follow the [ASF vulnera

 ## Extra Information  

- [Apache HertzBeat Security Model](https://hertzbeat.apache.org/docs/help/security_model)
+- [Apache HertzBeat™ Security Model](https://hertzbeat.apache.org/docs/help/security_model)
 - [ASF Security](https://www.apache.org/security/)
- [Apache HertzBeat Document](https://hertzbeat.apache.org/docs/)
+- [Apache HertzBeat™ Document](https://hertzbeat.apache.org/docs/)
@@ -0,0 +1,85 @@
+<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
+<!--
+  ~ Licensed to the Apache Software Foundation (ASF) under one or more
+  ~ contributor license agreements.  See the NOTICE file distributed with
+  ~ this work for additional information regarding copyright ownership.
+  ~ The ASF licenses this file to You under the Apache License, Version 2.0
+  ~ (the "License"); you may not use this file except in compliance with
+  ~ the License.  You may obtain a copy of the License at
+  ~
+  ~     http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+  ~
+  ~ Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+  ~ distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+  ~ WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+  ~ See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+  ~ limitations under the License.
+  -->
+<project xmlns="http://maven.apache.org/POM/4.0.0" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance"
+		 xsi:schemaLocation="http://maven.apache.org/POM/4.0.0 https://maven.apache.org/xsd/maven-4.0.0.xsd">
+	<modelVersion>4.0.0</modelVersion>
+	<parent>
+		<groupId>org.apache.hertzbeat</groupId>
+		<artifactId>hertzbeat</artifactId>
+		<version>2.0-SNAPSHOT</version>
+	</parent>
+	<artifactId>hertzbeat-ai-agent</artifactId>
+	<version>${hertzbeat.version}</version>
+	<properties>
+		<spring-ai.version>1.0.1</spring-ai.version>
+		<java.version>17</java.version>
+	</properties>
+
+	<dependencies>
+		<dependency>
+			<groupId>org.springframework.ai</groupId>
+			<artifactId>spring-ai-starter-mcp-server-webmvc</artifactId>
+		</dependency>
+		<dependency>
+			<groupId>org.springframework.boot</groupId>
+			<artifactId>spring-boot-starter-test</artifactId>
+			<scope>test</scope>
+		</dependency>
+		<dependency>
+			<groupId>org.junit.platform</groupId>
+			<artifactId>junit-platform-launcher</artifactId>
+			<scope>test</scope>
+		</dependency>
+		<dependency>
+			<groupId>org.springframework.ai</groupId>
+			<artifactId>spring-ai-starter-model-openai</artifactId>
+		</dependency>
+		<dependency>
+			<groupId>org.apache.hertzbeat</groupId>
+			<artifactId>hertzbeat-common</artifactId>
+		</dependency>
+		<dependency>
+			<groupId>com.usthe.sureness</groupId>
+			<artifactId>spring-boot3-starter-sureness</artifactId>
+		</dependency>
+	</dependencies>
+	<dependencyManagement>
+		<dependencies>
+			<dependency>
+				<groupId>org.springframework.ai</groupId>
+				<artifactId>spring-ai-bom</artifactId>
+				<version>${spring-ai.version}</version>
+				<type>pom</type>
+				<scope>import</scope>
+			</dependency>
+		</dependencies>
+	</dependencyManagement>
+
+	<build>
+		<plugins>
+			<plugin>
+				<groupId>org.springframework.boot</groupId>
+				<artifactId>spring-boot-maven-plugin</artifactId>
+				<configuration>
+					<skip>true</skip>
+				</configuration>
+			</plugin>
+		</plugins>
+	</build>
+
+</project>
@@ -0,0 +1,41 @@
+/*
+ * Licensed to the Apache Software Foundation (ASF) under one or more
+ * contributor license agreements.  See the NOTICE file distributed with
+ * this work for additional information regarding copyright ownership.
+ * The ASF licenses this file to You under the Apache License, Version 2.0
+ * (the "License"); you may not use this file except in compliance with
+ * the License.  You may obtain a copy of the License at
+ *
+ *     http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+ *
+ * Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+ * distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+ * WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+ * See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+ * limitations under the License.
+ */
+
+
+package org.apache.hertzbeat.ai.agent.adapters;
+
+import org.springframework.data.domain.Page;
+import org.apache.hertzbeat.common.entity.manager.Monitor;
+import java.util.List;
+
+/**
+ * Interface that provides access to monitor information by retrieving monitor data
+ * through the underlying monitor service.
+ */
+public interface MonitorServiceAdapter {
+    Page<Monitor> getMonitors(
+        List<Long> ids,
+        String app,
+        String search,
+        Byte status,
+        String sort,
+        String order,
+        Integer pageIndex,
+        Integer pageSize,
+        String labels
+    );
+} 
@@ -0,0 +1,100 @@
+/*
+ * Licensed to the Apache Software Foundation (ASF) under one or more
+ * contributor license agreements.  See the NOTICE file distributed with
+ * this work for additional information regarding copyright ownership.
+ * The ASF licenses this file to You under the Apache License, Version 2.0
+ * (the "License"); you may not use this file except in compliance with
+ * the License.  You may obtain a copy of the License at
+ *
+ *     http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+ *
+ * Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+ * distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+ * WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+ * See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+ * limitations under the License.
+ */
+
+
+package org.apache.hertzbeat.ai.agent.adapters.impl;
+
+import com.usthe.sureness.subject.SubjectSum;
+import lombok.extern.slf4j.Slf4j;
+import org.apache.hertzbeat.ai.agent.adapters.MonitorServiceAdapter;
+import org.apache.hertzbeat.ai.agent.config.McpContextHolder;
+import org.springframework.data.domain.Page;
+import org.apache.hertzbeat.common.entity.manager.Monitor;
+import org.apache.hertzbeat.common.support.SpringContextHolder;
+import org.springframework.stereotype.Component;
+
+import java.lang.reflect.Method;
+import java.util.List;
+
+/**
+ * Implementation of the MonitorServiceAdapter interface that provides access to monitor information
+ * through reflection by invoking the underlying monitor service implementation.
+ */
+@Slf4j
+@Component
+public class MonitorServiceAdapterImpl implements MonitorServiceAdapter {
+
+    @Override
+    public Page<Monitor> getMonitors(
+            List<Long> ids,
+            String app,
+            String search,
+            Byte status,
+            String sort,
+            String order,
+            Integer pageIndex,
+            Integer pageSize,
+            String labels) {
+        try {
+            // Provide default values for all nullable parameters
+            if (sort == null || sort.trim().isEmpty()) {
+                sort = "gmtCreate";
+            }
+            if (order == null || order.trim().isEmpty()) {
+                order = "desc";
+            }
+            if (pageIndex == null) {
+                pageIndex = 0;
+            }
+            if (pageSize == null) {
+                pageSize = 8;
+            }
+            
+            Object monitorService = null;
+            SubjectSum subjectSum = McpContextHolder.getSubject();
+            log.debug("Current security subject: {}", subjectSum);
+
+            try {
+                monitorService = SpringContextHolder.getBean("monitorServiceImpl");
+            } catch (Exception e) {
+                log.debug("Could not find bean by name 'monitorServiceImpl', trying by class name");
+            }
+
+            assert monitorService != null;
+            log.debug("MonitorService bean found: {}", monitorService.getClass().getSimpleName());
+            Method method = monitorService.getClass().getMethod(
+                    "getMonitors",
+                    List.class, String.class, String.class, Byte.class,
+                    String.class, String.class, int.class, int.class, String.class);
+
+
+            @SuppressWarnings("unchecked")
+            Page<Monitor> result = (Page<Monitor>) method.invoke(
+                    monitorService,
+                    ids, app, search, status, sort, order, pageIndex, pageSize, labels);
+            log.debug("MonitorServiceAdapter.getMonitors result: {}", result.getContent());
+            return result;
+
+        } catch (NoSuchMethodException e) {
+            throw new RuntimeException("Method not found: getMonitors", e);
+        } catch (Exception e) {
+            log.debug("Failed to invoke getMonitors via adapter", e);
+            throw new RuntimeException("Failed to invoke getMonitors via adapter", e);
+        }
+    }
+
+}
@@ -0,0 +1,246 @@
+/*
+ * Licensed to the Apache Software Foundation (ASF) under one or more
+ * contributor license agreements.  See the NOTICE file distributed with
+ * this work for additional information regarding copyright ownership.
+ * The ASF licenses this file to You under the Apache License, Version 2.0
+ * (the "License"); you may not use this file except in compliance with
+ * the License.  You may obtain a copy of the License at
+ *
+ *     http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+ *
+ * Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+ * distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+ * WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+ * See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+ * limitations under the License.
+ */
+
+package org.apache.hertzbeat.ai.agent.config;
+
+
+import com.fasterxml.jackson.core.type.TypeReference;
+import com.fasterxml.jackson.databind.ObjectMapper;
+import com.usthe.sureness.mgt.SurenessSecurityManager;
+import com.usthe.sureness.subject.SubjectSum;
+import io.modelcontextprotocol.spec.McpError;
+import io.modelcontextprotocol.spec.McpSchema;
+import io.modelcontextprotocol.spec.McpServerSession;
+import io.modelcontextprotocol.spec.McpServerTransport;
+import io.modelcontextprotocol.spec.McpServerTransportProvider;
+import io.modelcontextprotocol.util.Assert;
+import java.io.IOException;
+import java.time.Duration;
+import java.util.HashMap;
+import java.util.Map;
+import java.util.UUID;
+import java.util.concurrent.ConcurrentHashMap;
+
+import jakarta.servlet.http.HttpServletRequest;
+import lombok.Getter;
+import lombok.Setter;
+import lombok.extern.slf4j.Slf4j;
+import org.springframework.http.HttpStatus;
+import org.springframework.web.servlet.function.RouterFunction;
+import org.springframework.web.servlet.function.RouterFunctions;
+import org.springframework.web.servlet.function.ServerRequest;
+import org.springframework.web.servlet.function.ServerResponse;
+import reactor.core.publisher.Flux;
+import reactor.core.publisher.Mono;
+
+/**
+ * Custom Server-Sent Events transport provider for Model Context Protocol.
+ */
+@Slf4j
+public class CustomSseServerTransport implements McpServerTransportProvider {
+    private final ObjectMapper objectMapper;
+    private final String messageEndpoint;
+    private final String sseEndpoint;
+    private final String baseUrl;
+    @Getter
+    private final RouterFunction<ServerResponse> routerFunction;
+    @Setter
+    private McpServerSession.Factory sessionFactory;
+    private final Map<String, Object> sessionRequest = new HashMap<>();
+    private final ConcurrentHashMap<String, McpServerSession> sessions;
+    private volatile boolean isClosing;
+
+    public CustomSseServerTransport(ObjectMapper objectMapper, String messageEndpoint) {
+        this(objectMapper, messageEndpoint, "/sse");
+    }
+
+
+    public CustomSseServerTransport(ObjectMapper objectMapper, String messageEndpoint, String sseEndpoint) {
+        this(objectMapper, "", messageEndpoint, sseEndpoint);
+    }
+
+    public CustomSseServerTransport(ObjectMapper objectMapper, String baseUrl, String messageEndpoint, String sseEndpoint) {
+        this.sessions = new ConcurrentHashMap();
+        this.isClosing = false;
+        Assert.notNull(objectMapper, "ObjectMapper must not be null");
+        Assert.notNull(baseUrl, "Message base URL must not be null");
+        Assert.notNull(messageEndpoint, "Message endpoint must not be null");
+        Assert.notNull(sseEndpoint, "SSE endpoint must not be null");
+        this.objectMapper = objectMapper;
+        this.baseUrl = baseUrl;
+        this.messageEndpoint = messageEndpoint;
+        this.sseEndpoint = sseEndpoint;
+        this.routerFunction = RouterFunctions.route().GET(this.sseEndpoint, this::handleSseConnection).POST(this.messageEndpoint, this::handleMessage).build();
+    }
+
+    public Mono<Void> notifyClients(String method, Object params) {
+        if (this.sessions.isEmpty()) {
+            log.debug("No active sessions to broadcast message to");
+            return Mono.empty();
+        } else {
+            log.debug("Attempting to broadcast message to {} active sessions", this.sessions.size());
+            return Flux.fromIterable(this.sessions.values())
+                    .flatMap((session) -> session.sendNotification(method, params)
+                            .doOnError((e) -> log.error("Failed to send message to session {}: {}", session.getId(), e.getMessage()))
+                            .onErrorComplete())
+                    .then();
+        }
+    }
+
+    public Mono<Void> closeGracefully() {
+        return Flux.fromIterable(this.sessions.values()).doFirst(() -> {
+            this.isClosing = true;
+            log.debug("Initiating graceful shutdown with {} active sessions", this.sessions.size());
+        }).flatMap(McpServerSession::closeGracefully).then().doOnSuccess((v) -> log.debug("Graceful shutdown completed"));
+    }
+
+    private ServerResponse handleSseConnection(ServerRequest request) {
+        log.debug("Handling SSE connection for request: {}", request);
+        HttpServletRequest servletRequest = request.servletRequest();
+
+        try {
+
+            log.debug("Processing SSE connection for servlet request: {}", servletRequest);
+            log.debug("Authorization header: {}", servletRequest.getHeader("Authorization"));
+
+
+        } catch (Exception e) {
+            log.error("Authentication failed for SSE connection: {}", e.getMessage());
+            return ServerResponse.status(HttpStatus.UNAUTHORIZED).body("Unauthorized: " + e.getMessage());
+        }
+
+
+
+        if (this.isClosing) {
+            return ServerResponse.status(HttpStatus.SERVICE_UNAVAILABLE).body("Server is shutting down");
+        } else {
+            String sessionId = UUID.randomUUID().toString();
+            log.debug("Generated session ID for SSE connection: {}", sessionId);
+            log.debug("Creating new SSE connection for session: {}", sessionId);
+
+
+            return ServerResponse.sse((sseBuilder) -> {
+                sseBuilder.onComplete(() -> {
+                    log.debug("SSE connection completed for session: {}", sessionId);
+                    this.sessions.remove(sessionId);
+                });
+                sseBuilder.onTimeout(() -> {
+                    log.debug("SSE connection timed out for session: {}", sessionId);
+                    this.sessions.remove(sessionId);
+                });
+                CustomSseServerTransport.WebMvcMcpSessionTransport sessionTransport = new CustomSseServerTransport.WebMvcMcpSessionTransport(sessionId, sseBuilder);
+                McpServerSession session = this.sessionFactory.create(sessionTransport);
+                this.sessionRequest.put(sessionId, request.servletRequest());
+                this.sessions.put(sessionId, session);
+
+                try {
+                    sseBuilder.id(sessionId).event("endpoint").data(this.baseUrl + this.messageEndpoint + "?sessionId=" + sessionId);
+                } catch (Exception e) {
+                    log.error("Failed to send initial endpoint event: {}", e.getMessage());
+                    sseBuilder.error(e);
+                }
+
+            }, Duration.ZERO);
+
+        }
+    }
+
+    private ServerResponse handleMessage(ServerRequest request) {
+        if (this.isClosing) {
+            return ServerResponse.status(HttpStatus.SERVICE_UNAVAILABLE).body("Server is shutting down");
+        } else if (request.param("sessionId").isEmpty()) {
+            return ServerResponse.badRequest().body(new McpError("Session ID missing in message endpoint"));
+        } else {
+            String sessionId = (String) request.param("sessionId").get();
+            McpServerSession session = (McpServerSession) this.sessions.get(sessionId);
+            log.debug("Authorization header for message request: {}", request.servletRequest().getHeader("Authorization"));
+            SubjectSum subject = SurenessSecurityManager.getInstance().checkIn(sessionRequest.get(sessionId));
+            McpContextHolder.setSubject(subject);
+
+
+            if (session == null) {
+                return ServerResponse.status(HttpStatus.NOT_FOUND).body(new McpError("Session not found: " + sessionId));
+            } else {
+                try {
+                    String body = request.body(String.class);
+                    McpSchema.JSONRPCMessage message = McpSchema.deserializeJsonRpcMessage(this.objectMapper, body);
+                    session.handle(message).block();
+                    return ServerResponse.ok().build();
+                } catch (IOException | IllegalArgumentException e) {
+                    log.error("Failed to deserialize message: {}", ((Exception) e).getMessage());
+                    return ServerResponse.badRequest().body(new McpError("Invalid message format"));
+                } catch (Exception e) {
+                    log.error("Error handling message: {}", e.getMessage());
+                    return ServerResponse.status(HttpStatus.INTERNAL_SERVER_ERROR).body(new McpError(e.getMessage()));
+                }
+            }
+        }
+    }
+
+    private class WebMvcMcpSessionTransport implements McpServerTransport {
+        private final String sessionId;
+        private final ServerResponse.SseBuilder sseBuilder;
+
+        WebMvcMcpSessionTransport(String sessionId, ServerResponse.SseBuilder sseBuilder) {
+            this.sessionId = sessionId;
+            this.sseBuilder = sseBuilder;
+            log.debug("Session transport {} initialized with SSE builder", sessionId);
+        }
+
+        public Mono<Void> sendMessage(McpSchema.JSONRPCMessage message) {
+            return Mono.fromRunnable(() -> {
+                try {
+                    String jsonText = CustomSseServerTransport.this.objectMapper.writeValueAsString(message);
+                    this.sseBuilder.id(this.sessionId).event("message").data(jsonText);
+                    log.debug("Message sent to session {}", this.sessionId);
+                } catch (Exception e) {
+                    log.error("Failed to send message to session {}: {}", this.sessionId, e.getMessage());
+                    this.sseBuilder.error(e);
+                }
+
+            });
+        }
+
+        public <T> T unmarshalFrom(Object data, TypeReference<T> typeRef) {
+            return (T) CustomSseServerTransport.this.objectMapper.convertValue(data, typeRef);
+        }
+
+        public Mono<Void> closeGracefully() {
+            return Mono.fromRunnable(() -> {
+                log.debug("Closing session transport: {}", this.sessionId);
+
+                try {
+                    this.sseBuilder.complete();
+                    log.debug("Successfully completed SSE builder for session {}", this.sessionId);
+                } catch (Exception e) {
+                    log.warn("Failed to complete SSE builder for session {}: {}", this.sessionId, e.getMessage());
+                }
+
+            });
+        }
+
+        public void close() {
+            try {
+                this.sseBuilder.complete();
+                log.debug("Successfully completed SSE builder for session {}", this.sessionId);
+            } catch (Exception e) {
+                log.warn("Failed to complete SSE builder for session {}: {}", this.sessionId, e.getMessage());
+            }
+
+        }
+    }
+}
@@ -0,0 +1,37 @@
+/*
+ * Licensed to the Apache Software Foundation (ASF) under one or more
+ * contributor license agreements.  See the NOTICE file distributed with
+ * this work for additional information regarding copyright ownership.
+ * The ASF licenses this file to You under the Apache License, Version 2.0
+ * (the "License"); you may not use this file except in compliance with
+ * the License.  You may obtain a copy of the License at
+ *
+ *     http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+ *
+ * Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+ * distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+ * WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+ * See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+ * limitations under the License.
+ */
+
+
+package org.apache.hertzbeat.ai.agent.config;
+
+import org.springframework.ai.chat.client.ChatClient;
+import org.springframework.ai.openai.OpenAiChatModel;
+import org.springframework.context.annotation.Bean;
+import org.springframework.context.annotation.Configuration;
+
+/**
+ * Configuration class for Large Language Model (LLM) settings.
+ */
+
+@Configuration
+public class LlmConfig {
+    @Bean
+    public ChatClient openAiChatClient(OpenAiChatModel chatModel) {
+        return ChatClient.create(chatModel);
+    }
+
+}
@@ -0,0 +1,53 @@
+/*
+ * Licensed to the Apache Software Foundation (ASF) under one or more
+ * contributor license agreements.  See the NOTICE file distributed with
+ * this work for additional information regarding copyright ownership.
+ * The ASF licenses this file to You under the Apache License, Version 2.0
+ * (the "License"); you may not use this file except in compliance with
+ * the License.  You may obtain a copy of the License at
+ *
+ *     http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+ *
+ * Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+ * distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+ * WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+ * See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+ * limitations under the License.
+ */
+
+package org.apache.hertzbeat.ai.agent.config;
+
+import com.usthe.sureness.subject.SubjectSum;
+import org.springframework.core.NamedInheritableThreadLocal;
+
+/**
+ * Context holder for AI agent security context.
+ */
+public final class McpContextHolder {
+    private static final ThreadLocal<SubjectSum> subjectHolder =
+            new NamedInheritableThreadLocal<>("MCP Security and User Identification Context");
+
+    private McpContextHolder() {}
+
+    /**
+     * Attaches the user's context to the current thread.
+     */
+    public static void setSubject(SubjectSum subject) {
+        subjectHolder.set(subject);
+
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Retrieves the context from the current thread.
+     */
+    public static SubjectSum getSubject() {
+        return subjectHolder.get();
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Clears the context from the thread to prevent memory leaks.
+     */
+    public static void clear() {
+        subjectHolder.remove();
+    }
+}
@@ -0,0 +1,53 @@
+/*
+ * Licensed to the Apache Software Foundation (ASF) under one or more
+ * contributor license agreements.  See the NOTICE file distributed with
+ * this work for additional information regarding copyright ownership.
+ * The ASF licenses this file to You under the Apache License, Version 2.0
+ * (the "License"); you may not use this file except in compliance with
+ * the License.  You may obtain a copy of the License at
+ *
+ *     http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+ *
+ * Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+ * distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+ * WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+ * See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+ * limitations under the License.
+ */
+
+
+package org.apache.hertzbeat.ai.agent.config;
+
+import org.springframework.stereotype.Component;
+
+/**
+ * Provider for system prompts used in the AI agent
+ */
+
+@Component
+public class PromptProvider {
+    /**
+     * Static version of the HertzBeat monitoring prompt
+     */
+    public static final String HERTZBEAT_MONITORING_PROMPT = """
+            You are an AI assistant specialized in monitoring infrastructure and applications with HertzBeat.
+            Your role is to help users manage and analyze their monitoring data using the available tools.
+            You have access to the following HertzBeat monitoring tools:
+            - list_monitors: Query monitor information with flexible filtering and pagination
+            - add_monitor: Add a new monitor to the system
+            When users ask questions about their monitoring setup or data, identify which tool would be most helpful
+            and use it to provide relevant information. Always provide clear explanations of the monitoring data and
+            suggest next steps or insights based on the results.
+            For monitoring-related queries:
+            1. If users want to see their monitors, use list_monitors with appropriate filters
+            2. If users want to add a new monitor, use add_monitor with the necessary details
+            3. If the monitoring information shows potential issues, highlight them and suggest troubleshooting steps
+            For parameters that accept specific values:
+            - Monitor status values: 0 (no monitor), 1 (usable), 2 (disabled), 9 (all)
+            - Sort fields typically include: name, host, app, gmtCreate
+            - Sort order should be 'asc' or 'desc'
+            Keep responses focused on monitoring topics and HertzBeat capabilities.
+            If you're unsure about specific monitoring details, ask clarifying questions before using the tools.
+            """;
+
+}
@@ -0,0 +1,70 @@
+/*
+ * Licensed to the Apache Software Foundation (ASF) under one or more
+ * contributor license agreements.  See the NOTICE file distributed with
+ * this work for additional information regarding copyright ownership.
+ * The ASF licenses this file to You under the Apache License, Version 2.0
+ * (the "License"); you may not use this file except in compliance with
+ * the License.  You may obtain a copy of the License at
+ *
+ *     http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+ *
+ * Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+ * distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+ * WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+ * See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+ * limitations under the License.
+ */
+
+
+package org.apache.hertzbeat.ai.agent.controller;
+
+import org.springframework.ai.chat.client.ChatClient;
+import org.springframework.beans.factory.annotation.Autowired;
+import org.springframework.beans.factory.annotation.Qualifier;
+import org.springframework.web.bind.annotation.RequestMapping;
+import org.springframework.web.bind.annotation.RestController;
+import org.springframework.web.bind.annotation.PostMapping;
+import org.springframework.web.bind.annotation.RequestBody;
+import org.springframework.http.MediaType;
+import org.springframework.web.servlet.mvc.method.annotation.SseEmitter;
+import org.apache.hertzbeat.ai.agent.pojo.dto.ChatRequestContext;
+import org.apache.hertzbeat.ai.agent.service.ChatClientProviderService;
+
+
+/**
+ * Controller class for handling chat-related HTTP requests.
+ */
+@RestController
+@RequestMapping("/api/chat")
+public class ChatController {
+
+    private final ChatClientProviderService chatClientProviderService;
+
+    @Autowired
+    public ChatController(@Qualifier("openAiChatClient") ChatClient openAiChatClient,
+            ChatClientProviderService chatClientProviderService) {
+        this.chatClientProviderService = chatClientProviderService;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Send a message and get a streaming response
+     * 
+     * @param context The chat request context containing message and optional
+     *                conversationId
+     * @return SSE emitter for streaming response
+     */
+    @PostMapping(value = "/stream", produces = MediaType.TEXT_EVENT_STREAM_VALUE)
+    public SseEmitter streamChat(@RequestBody ChatRequestContext context) {
+        SseEmitter emitter = new SseEmitter();
+        new Thread(() -> {
+            try {
+                String aiResponse = chatClientProviderService.streamChat(context);
+                emitter.send(aiResponse);
+                emitter.complete();
+            } catch (Exception e) {
+                emitter.completeWithError(e);
+            }
+        }).start();
+        return emitter;
+    }
+}
@@ -0,0 +1,26 @@
+/*
+ * Licensed to the Apache Software Foundation (ASF) under one or more
+ * contributor license agreements.  See the NOTICE file distributed with
+ * this work for additional information regarding copyright ownership.
+ * The ASF licenses this file to You under the Apache License, Version 2.0
+ * (the "License"); you may not use this file except in compliance with
+ * the License.  You may obtain a copy of the License at
+ *
+ *     http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+ *
+ * Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+ * distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+ * WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+ * See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+ * limitations under the License.
+ */
+
+
+package org.apache.hertzbeat.ai.agent.controller;
+
+/**
+ * Controller for managing conversations.
+ */
+public class ConversationController {
+
+}
@@ -0,0 +1,25 @@
+/*
+ * Licensed to the Apache Software Foundation (ASF) under one or more
+ * contributor license agreements.  See the NOTICE file distributed with
+ * this work for additional information regarding copyright ownership.
+ * The ASF licenses this file to You under the Apache License, Version 2.0
+ * (the "License"); you may not use this file except in compliance with
+ * the License.  You may obtain a copy of the License at
+ *
+ *     http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+ *
+ * Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+ * distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+ * WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+ * See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+ * limitations under the License.
+ */
+
+
+package org.apache.hertzbeat.ai.agent.dao;
+
+/**
+ * Data Access Object interface for Conversation entities.
+ */
+public interface ConversationDao {
+}
@@ -0,0 +1,25 @@
+/*
+ * Licensed to the Apache Software Foundation (ASF) under one or more
+ * contributor license agreements.  See the NOTICE file distributed with
+ * this work for additional information regarding copyright ownership.
+ * The ASF licenses this file to You under the Apache License, Version 2.0
+ * (the "License"); you may not use this file except in compliance with
+ * the License.  You may obtain a copy of the License at
+ *
+ *     http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+ *
+ * Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+ * distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+ * WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+ * See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+ * limitations under the License.
+ */
+
+
+package org.apache.hertzbeat.ai.agent.dao;
+
+/**
+ * Data Access Object interface for Message entities.
+ */
+public interface MessageDao {
+}
@@ -0,0 +1,25 @@
+/*
+ * Licensed to the Apache Software Foundation (ASF) under one or more
+ * contributor license agreements.  See the NOTICE file distributed with
+ * this work for additional information regarding copyright ownership.
+ * The ASF licenses this file to You under the Apache License, Version 2.0
+ * (the "License"); you may not use this file except in compliance with
+ * the License.  You may obtain a copy of the License at
+ *
+ *     http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+ *
+ * Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+ * distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+ * WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+ * See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+ * limitations under the License.
+ */
+
+
+package org.apache.hertzbeat.ai.agent.dao;
+
+/**
+ * Data Access Object interface for UserPreference entities.
+ */
+public interface UserPreferenceDao {
+}
@@ -0,0 +1,40 @@
+/*
+ * Licensed to the Apache Software Foundation (ASF) under one or more
+ * contributor license agreements.  See the NOTICE file distributed with
+ * this work for additional information regarding copyright ownership.
+ * The ASF licenses this file to You under the Apache License, Version 2.0
+ * (the "License"); you may not use this file except in compliance with
+ * the License.  You may obtain a copy of the License at
+ *
+ *     http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+ *
+ * Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+ * distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+ * WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+ * See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+ * limitations under the License.
+ */
+
+
+package org.apache.hertzbeat.ai.agent.pojo.dto;
+
+import lombok.AllArgsConstructor;
+import lombok.Data;
+import lombok.NoArgsConstructor;
+
+/**
+ * Chat request context for AI chat endpoint.
+ */
+@Data
+@NoArgsConstructor
+@AllArgsConstructor
+public class ChatRequestContext {
+    /**
+     * The user's message (required)
+     */
+    private String message;
+    /**
+     * Optional conversation ID for context
+     */
+    private String conversationId;
+}
@@ -0,0 +1,26 @@
+/*
+ * Licensed to the Apache Software Foundation (ASF) under one or more
+ * contributor license agreements.  See the NOTICE file distributed with
+ * this work for additional information regarding copyright ownership.
+ * The ASF licenses this file to You under the Apache License, Version 2.0
+ * (the "License"); you may not use this file except in compliance with
+ * the License.  You may obtain a copy of the License at
+ *
+ *     http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+ *
+ * Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+ * distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+ * WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+ * See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+ * limitations under the License.
+ */
+
+
+package org.apache.hertzbeat.ai.agent.service;
+
+/**
+ * Service interface for agent operations.
+ */
+public interface AgentService {
+
+}
@@ -0,0 +1,31 @@
+/*
+ * Licensed to the Apache Software Foundation (ASF) under one or more
+ * contributor license agreements.  See the NOTICE file distributed with
+ * this work for additional information regarding copyright ownership.
+ * The ASF licenses this file to You under the Apache License, Version 2.0
+ * (the "License"); you may not use this file except in compliance with
+ * the License.  You may obtain a copy of the License at
+ *
+ *     http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+ *
+ * Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+ * distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+ * WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+ * See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+ * limitations under the License.
+ */
+
+
+package org.apache.hertzbeat.ai.agent.service;
+
+import org.apache.hertzbeat.ai.agent.pojo.dto.ChatRequestContext;
+
+/**
+ * Service for interacting with LLM providers (like OpenAI, Anthropic, etc.)
+ */
+public interface ChatClientProviderService {
+
+    String complete(String message);
+
+    String streamChat(ChatRequestContext context);
+}
@@ -0,0 +1,71 @@
+/*
+ * Licensed to the Apache Software Foundation (ASF) under one or more
+ * contributor license agreements.  See the NOTICE file distributed with
+ * this work for additional information regarding copyright ownership.
+ * The ASF licenses this file to You under the Apache License, Version 2.0
+ * (the "License"); you may not use this file except in compliance with
+ * the License.  You may obtain a copy of the License at
+ *
+ *     http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+ *
+ * Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+ * distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+ * WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+ * See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+ * limitations under the License.
+ */
+
+
+package org.apache.hertzbeat.ai.agent.service;
+
+
+import org.springframework.web.servlet.mvc.method.annotation.SseEmitter;
+
+import java.util.List;
+import java.util.Map;
+
+/**
+ * Service for managing chat conversations and interactions with LLM providers.
+ */
+public interface ConversationService {
+
+    /**
+     * Send a message and receive a streaming response
+     *
+     * @param message The user's message
+     * @param conversationId Optional conversation ID for continuing a chat
+     * @return SseEmitter for streaming the response
+     */
+    SseEmitter streamChat(String message, String conversationId);
+
+    /**
+     * Send a message and get a complete response
+     *
+     * @param message The user's message
+     * @param conversationId Optional conversation ID for continuing a chat
+     * @return Response object containing the AI's response and conversation metadata
+     */
+    Map<String, Object> chat(String message, String conversationId);
+
+    /**
+     * Get conversation history for a specific conversation
+     *
+     * @param conversationId Conversation ID
+     * @return Conversation data including messages
+     */
+    Map<String, Object> getConversation(String conversationId);
+
+    /**
+     * Get all conversations for the current user
+     *
+     * @return List of conversations
+     */
+    List<Map<String, Object>> getAllConversations();
+
+    /**
+     * Delete a conversation
+     *
+     * @param conversationId Conversation ID to delete
+     */
+    void deleteConversation(String conversationId);
+}
@@ -0,0 +1,28 @@
+/*
+ * Licensed to the Apache Software Foundation (ASF) under one or more
+ * contributor license agreements.  See the NOTICE file distributed with
+ * this work for additional information regarding copyright ownership.
+ * The ASF licenses this file to You under the Apache License, Version 2.0
+ * (the "License"); you may not use this file except in compliance with
+ * the License.  You may obtain a copy of the License at
+ *
+ *     http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+ *
+ * Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+ * distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+ * WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+ * See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+ * limitations under the License.
+ */
+
+
+package org.apache.hertzbeat.ai.agent.service;
+
+import org.springframework.ai.tool.ToolCallbackProvider;
+
+/**
+ * Service interface for MCP server operations.
+ */
+public interface McpServerService {
+    ToolCallbackProvider hertzbeatTools();
+}
@@ -0,0 +1,30 @@
+/*
+ * Licensed to the Apache Software Foundation (ASF) under one or more
+ * contributor license agreements.  See the NOTICE file distributed with
+ * this work for additional information regarding copyright ownership.
+ * The ASF licenses this file to You under the Apache License, Version 2.0
+ * (the "License"); you may not use this file except in compliance with
+ * the License.  You may obtain a copy of the License at
+ *
+ *     http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+ *
+ * Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+ * distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+ * WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+ * See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+ * limitations under the License.
+ */
+
+
+package org.apache.hertzbeat.ai.agent.service.impl;
+
+import org.apache.hertzbeat.ai.agent.service.AgentService;
+import org.springframework.stereotype.Service;
+
+/**
+ * Implementation of the AgentService interface.
+ * This service provides functionality for handling AI agent operations.
+ */
+@Service
+public class AgentServiceImpl implements AgentService {
+}
@@ -0,0 +1,70 @@
+/*
+ * Licensed to the Apache Software Foundation (ASF) under one or more
+ * contributor license agreements.  See the NOTICE file distributed with
+ * this work for additional information regarding copyright ownership.
+ * The ASF licenses this file to You under the Apache License, Version 2.0
+ * (the "License"); you may not use this file except in compliance with
+ * the License.  You may obtain a copy of the License at
+ *
+ *     http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+ *
+ * Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+ * distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+ * WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+ * See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+ * limitations under the License.
+ */
+
+
+package org.apache.hertzbeat.ai.agent.service.impl;
+
+import org.apache.hertzbeat.ai.agent.config.PromptProvider;
+import org.apache.hertzbeat.ai.agent.service.ChatClientProviderService;
+import org.springframework.stereotype.Service;
+import org.apache.hertzbeat.ai.agent.pojo.dto.ChatRequestContext;
+import org.springframework.ai.chat.client.ChatClient;
+import org.springframework.ai.tool.ToolCallbackProvider;
+import org.springframework.beans.factory.annotation.Autowired;
+import org.springframework.beans.factory.annotation.Qualifier;
+
+/**
+ * Implementation of the {@link ChatClientProviderService}.
+ * Provides functionality to interact with the ChatClient for handling chat
+ * messages.
+ */
+@Service
+public class ChatClientProviderServiceImpl implements ChatClientProviderService {
+
+    private final ChatClient chatClient;
+
+    @Qualifier("hertzbeatTools")
+    @Autowired
+    private ToolCallbackProvider toolCallbackProvider;
+
+    @Autowired
+    public ChatClientProviderServiceImpl(@Qualifier("openAiChatClient") ChatClient openAiChatClient) {
+        this.chatClient = openAiChatClient;
+    }
+
+    @Override
+    public String complete(String message) {
+        return this.chatClient.prompt()
+                .user(message)
+                .call()
+                .content();
+    }
+
+    @Override
+    public String streamChat(ChatRequestContext context) {
+        try {
+            return this.chatClient.prompt(PromptProvider.HERTZBEAT_MONITORING_PROMPT)
+                    .user(context.getMessage())
+                    .toolCallbacks(toolCallbackProvider)
+                    .call()
+                    .content();
+        } catch (Exception e) {
+            return "Error: " + e.getMessage();
+        }
+
+    }
+}
@@ -0,0 +1,29 @@
+/*
+ * Licensed to the Apache Software Foundation (ASF) under one or more
+ * contributor license agreements.  See the NOTICE file distributed with
+ * this work for additional information regarding copyright ownership.
+ * The ASF licenses this file to You under the Apache License, Version 2.0
+ * (the "License"); you may not use this file except in compliance with
+ * the License.  You may obtain a copy of the License at
+ *
+ *     http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+ *
+ * Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+ * distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+ * WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+ * See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+ * limitations under the License.
+ */
+
+
+package org.apache.hertzbeat.ai.agent.service.impl;
+
+import org.springframework.stereotype.Service;
+
+/**
+ * Implementation of the ConversationService interface for managing chat conversations.
+ */
+@Service
+public class ConversationServiceImpl {
+
+}
@@ -0,0 +1,82 @@
+/*
+ * Licensed to the Apache Software Foundation (ASF) under one or more
+ * contributor license agreements.  See the NOTICE file distributed with
+ * this work for additional information regarding copyright ownership.
+ * The ASF licenses this file to You under the Apache License, Version 2.0
+ * (the "License"); you may not use this file except in compliance with
+ * the License.  You may obtain a copy of the License at
+ *
+ *     http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+ *
+ * Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+ * distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+ * WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+ * See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+ * limitations under the License.
+ */
+
+
+package org.apache.hertzbeat.ai.agent.service.impl;
+
+import org.apache.hertzbeat.ai.agent.config.CustomSseServerTransport;
+import org.apache.hertzbeat.ai.agent.service.McpServerService;
+import org.springframework.ai.mcp.server.autoconfigure.McpServerProperties;
+import org.springframework.context.annotation.Primary;
+import org.springframework.stereotype.Service;
+import org.apache.hertzbeat.ai.agent.tools.impl.MonitorToolsImpl;
+import org.springframework.ai.tool.ToolCallbackProvider;
+import org.springframework.ai.tool.method.MethodToolCallbackProvider;
+import org.springframework.context.annotation.Bean;
+import org.springframework.context.annotation.Configuration;
+import org.springframework.beans.factory.annotation.Autowired;
+import com.fasterxml.jackson.databind.ObjectMapper;
+import org.springframework.web.servlet.function.RouterFunction;
+import org.springframework.web.servlet.function.ServerResponse;
+
+/**
+ * Implementation of the McpServerService interface.
+ * This service provides functionality for handling MCP server operations.
+ */
+@Service
+@Configuration
+public class McpServerServiceImpl implements McpServerService {
+    @Autowired
+    private MonitorToolsImpl monitorTools;
+
+    @Bean
+    public ToolCallbackProvider hertzbeatTools() {
+        return MethodToolCallbackProvider.builder().toolObjects(monitorTools).build();
+    }
+    /**
+     * Provides a custom SSE server transport for the MCP server.
+     *
+     * @param objectMapper the ObjectMapper instance for JSON serialization
+     * @param serverProperties the properties for the MCP server configuration
+     * @return a CustomSseServerTransport instance configured with the provided properties
+     */
+
+    @Bean
+    public CustomSseServerTransport webMvcSseServerTransportProvider(
+            ObjectMapper objectMapper,
+            McpServerProperties serverProperties
+    ) {
+        return new CustomSseServerTransport(
+                objectMapper,
+                serverProperties.getBaseUrl(),
+                serverProperties.getSseMessageEndpoint(),
+                serverProperties.getSseEndpoint()
+        );
+    }
+    /**
+     * Provides the MCP server transport bean.
+     *
+     * @param transport the custom SSE server transport
+     * @return the MCP server transport instance
+     */
+
+    @Primary
+    @Bean
+    public RouterFunction<ServerResponse> mvcMcpRouterFunction(CustomSseServerTransport transport) {
+        return transport.getRouterFunction();
+    }
+}
@@ -0,0 +1,25 @@
+/*
+ * Licensed to the Apache Software Foundation (ASF) under one or more
+ * contributor license agreements.  See the NOTICE file distributed with
+ * this work for additional information regarding copyright ownership.
+ * The ASF licenses this file to You under the Apache License, Version 2.0
+ * (the "License"); you may not use this file except in compliance with
+ * the License.  You may obtain a copy of the License at
+ *
+ *     http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+ *
+ * Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+ * distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+ * WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+ * See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+ * limitations under the License.
+ */
+
+
+package org.apache.hertzbeat.ai.agent.tools;
+
+/**
+ * Tools for alert operations
+ */
+public interface AlertTools {
+}
@@ -0,0 +1,25 @@
+/*
+ * Licensed to the Apache Software Foundation (ASF) under one or more
+ * contributor license agreements.  See the NOTICE file distributed with
+ * this work for additional information regarding copyright ownership.
+ * The ASF licenses this file to You under the Apache License, Version 2.0
+ * (the "License"); you may not use this file except in compliance with
+ * the License.  You may obtain a copy of the License at
+ *
+ *     http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+ *
+ * Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+ * distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+ * WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+ * See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+ * limitations under the License.
+ */
+
+
+package org.apache.hertzbeat.ai.agent.tools;
+
+/**
+ * Tools for metrics operations
+ */
+public interface MetricsTools {
+}
@@ -0,0 +1,50 @@
+/*
+ * Licensed to the Apache Software Foundation (ASF) under one or more
+ * contributor license agreements.  See the NOTICE file distributed with
+ * this work for additional information regarding copyright ownership.
+ * The ASF licenses this file to You under the Apache License, Version 2.0
+ * (the "License"); you may not use this file except in compliance with
+ * the License.  You may obtain a copy of the License at
+ *
+ *     http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+ *
+ * Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+ * distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+ * WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+ * See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+ * limitations under the License.
+ */
+
+
+package org.apache.hertzbeat.ai.agent.tools;
+
+import org.springframework.ai.chat.model.ToolContext;
+
+import java.util.List;
+
+/**
+ * Interface for Monitoring Tools
+ */
+public interface MonitorTools {
+
+    String addMonitor(String name, ToolContext context);
+
+    /**
+     * Query monitor information with flexible filtering and pagination.
+     * Supports filtering by monitor IDs, type, status, host, labels, sorting, and
+     * pagination.
+     * Returns results as plain JSON.
+     */
+    String listMonitors(
+            List<Long> ids,
+            String app,
+            Byte status,
+            String search,
+            String labels,
+            String sort,
+            String order,
+            Integer pageIndex,
+            Integer pageSize,
+            ToolContext context);
+
+}
@@ -0,0 +1,25 @@
+/*
+ * Licensed to the Apache Software Foundation (ASF) under one or more
+ * contributor license agreements.  See the NOTICE file distributed with
+ * this work for additional information regarding copyright ownership.
+ * The ASF licenses this file to You under the Apache License, Version 2.0
+ * (the "License"); you may not use this file except in compliance with
+ * the License.  You may obtain a copy of the License at
+ *
+ *     http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+ *
+ * Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+ * distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+ * WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+ * See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+ * limitations under the License.
+ */
+
+
+package org.apache.hertzbeat.ai.agent.tools.impl;
+
+/**
+ * Implementation of Alert Tools functionality
+ */
+public class AlertToolsImpl {
+}
@@ -0,0 +1,25 @@
+/*
+ * Licensed to the Apache Software Foundation (ASF) under one or more
+ * contributor license agreements.  See the NOTICE file distributed with
+ * this work for additional information regarding copyright ownership.
+ * The ASF licenses this file to You under the Apache License, Version 2.0
+ * (the "License"); you may not use this file except in compliance with
+ * the License.  You may obtain a copy of the License at
+ *
+ *     http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+ *
+ * Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+ * distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+ * WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+ * See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+ * limitations under the License.
+ */
+
+
+package org.apache.hertzbeat.ai.agent.tools.impl;
+
+/**
+ * Implementation of Metrics Tools functionality
+ */
+public class MetricsToolsImpl {
+}
@@ -0,0 +1,87 @@
+/*
+ * Licensed to the Apache Software Foundation (ASF) under one or more
+ * contributor license agreements.  See the NOTICE file distributed with
+ * this work for additional information regarding copyright ownership.
+ * The ASF licenses this file to You under the Apache License, Version 2.0
+ * (the "License"); you may not use this file except in compliance with
+ * the License.  You may obtain a copy of the License at
+ *
+ *     http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+ *
+ * Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+ * distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+ * WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+ * See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+ * limitations under the License.
+ */
+
+package org.apache.hertzbeat.ai.agent.tools.impl;
+
+import com.usthe.sureness.subject.SubjectSum;
+import lombok.extern.slf4j.Slf4j;
+import org.apache.hertzbeat.ai.agent.adapters.MonitorServiceAdapter;
+import org.apache.hertzbeat.ai.agent.config.McpContextHolder;
+import org.springframework.ai.chat.model.ToolContext;
+import org.springframework.ai.tool.annotation.Tool;
+import org.springframework.data.domain.Page;
+import org.springframework.stereotype.Service;
+import org.apache.hertzbeat.ai.agent.tools.MonitorTools;
+import org.springframework.ai.tool.annotation.ToolParam;
+import org.springframework.beans.factory.annotation.Autowired;
+import org.apache.hertzbeat.common.entity.manager.Monitor;
+
+import java.util.List;
+
+/**
+ * Implementation of Monitoring Tools functionality
+ */
+@Slf4j
+@Service
+public class MonitorToolsImpl implements MonitorTools {
+
+    @Autowired
+    private MonitorServiceAdapter monitorServiceAdapter;
+
+
+    /**
+     * Tool to query monitor information with flexible filtering and pagination.
+     * Supports filtering by monitor IDs, type, status, host, labels, sorting, and
+     * pagination.
+     * Returns monitor names as string.
+     */
+    @Override
+    @Tool(name = "list_monitors", returnDirect = true, description = """
+            Query monitor information with flexible filtering and pagination.
+            Supports filtering by monitor IDs, type, status, host, labels, sorting, and pagination.
+            Returns results as String. When no parameters are available, pass the default value as mentioned below. If the user doesn't provide any specific parameter, the default value will be used.
+            """)
+    public String listMonitors(
+            @ToolParam(description = "List of monitor IDs to filter (default: empty list)", required = false) List<Long> ids,
+            @ToolParam(description = "Monitor type, e.g., 'linux' (default: null)", required = false) String app,
+            @ToolParam(description = "Monitor status (0: no monitor, 1: usable, 2: disabled, 9: all) (default: null)", required = false) Byte status,
+            @ToolParam(description = "Fuzzy search for host or name (default: null)", required = false) String search,
+            @ToolParam(description = "Monitor labels, e.g., 'env:prod,instance:22' (default: null)", required = false) String labels,
+            @ToolParam(description = "Sort field, e.g., 'name' (default: gmtCreate)", required = false) String sort,
+            @ToolParam(description = "Sort order, 'asc' or 'desc' (default: desc)", required = false) String order,
+            @ToolParam(description = "Page index (default: 0)", required = false) Integer pageIndex,
+            @ToolParam(description = "Page size (default: 8)", required = false) Integer pageSize,
+            ToolContext context) {
+        try {
+            Page<Monitor> result = monitorServiceAdapter.getMonitors(ids, app, search, status, sort, order, pageIndex, pageSize, labels);
+            log.debug("MonitorServiceAdapter.getMonitors result: {}", result);
+            return result.getContent().stream().map(Monitor::getName).toList().toString();
+        } catch (Exception e) {
+            return "error is" + e.getMessage();
+        }
+    }
+
+    @Override
+    @Tool(name = "add_monitor", description = "Add a new monitor")
+    public String addMonitor(@ToolParam(description = "Name of the monitor") String name, ToolContext context) {
+        log.debug("Adding monitor with name: {}", name);
+        SubjectSum subjectSum = McpContextHolder.getSubject();
+        log.debug("Current subject in tool: {}", subjectSum);
+        return "Monitor added: " + name;
+    }
+
+}
@@ -17,6 +17,9 @@

 package org.apache.hertzbeat.alert.calculate;

+import com.google.common.collect.Table;
+import com.google.common.collect.Tables;
+import org.apache.commons.lang3.StringUtils;
 import org.apache.hertzbeat.alert.dao.SingleAlertDao;
 import org.apache.hertzbeat.alert.util.AlertUtil;
 import org.apache.hertzbeat.common.constants.CommonConstants;
@@ -24,7 +27,6 @@ import org.apache.hertzbeat.common.entity.alerter.SingleAlert;
 import org.springframework.stereotype.Component;

 import java.util.List;
-import java.util.Map;
 import java.util.concurrent.ConcurrentHashMap;

 /**
@@ -33,49 +35,83 @@ import java.util.concurrent.ConcurrentHashMap;
@Component
 public class AlarmCacheManager {

+    private static final String CUSTOM_FIRING_ROW_KEY = "CUSTOM_FIRING_";
+
    /**
     * The alarm in the process is triggered
-     * key - labels fingerprint
+     * rowKey - define id
+     * columnKey - labels fingerprint
     */
-    private final Map<String, SingleAlert> pendingAlertMap;
+    private final Table<String, String, SingleAlert> pendingAlertMap;
+
    /**
     * The not recover alert
-     * key - labels fingerprint
+     * rowKey - define id
+     * columnKey - labels fingerprint
     */
-    private final Map<String, SingleAlert> firingAlertMap;
+    private final Table<String, String, SingleAlert> firingAlertMap;

    public AlarmCacheManager(SingleAlertDao singleAlertDao) {
-        this.pendingAlertMap = new ConcurrentHashMap<>(8);
-        this.firingAlertMap = new ConcurrentHashMap<>(8);
+        this.pendingAlertMap = Tables.newCustomTable(new ConcurrentHashMap<>(8), ConcurrentHashMap::new);
+        this.firingAlertMap = Tables.newCustomTable(new ConcurrentHashMap<>(8), ConcurrentHashMap::new);
        List<SingleAlert> singleAlerts = singleAlertDao.querySingleAlertsByStatus(CommonConstants.ALERT_STATUS_FIRING);
        for (SingleAlert singleAlert : singleAlerts) {
            String fingerprint = AlertUtil.calculateFingerprint(singleAlert.getLabels());
+            String defineId = singleAlert.getLabels().get(CommonConstants.LABEL_DEFINE_ID);
+            if (StringUtils.isBlank(defineId)) {
+                defineId = getCustomKey(fingerprint);
+            }
            singleAlert.setId(null);
-            this.firingAlertMap.put(fingerprint, singleAlert);
+            this.firingAlertMap.put(defineId, fingerprint, singleAlert);
        }
    }

-    public void putPending(String fingerPrint, SingleAlert alert) {
-        this.pendingAlertMap.put(fingerPrint, alert);
+    public void putPending(Long defineId, String fingerPrint, SingleAlert alert) {
+        this.pendingAlertMap.put(String.valueOf(defineId), fingerPrint, alert);
    }

-    public SingleAlert getPending(String fingerPrint) {
-        return this.pendingAlertMap.get(fingerPrint);
+    public SingleAlert getPending(Long defineId, String fingerPrint) {
+        return this.pendingAlertMap.get(String.valueOf(defineId), fingerPrint);
    }

-    public SingleAlert removePending(String fingerPrint) {
-        return this.pendingAlertMap.remove(fingerPrint);
+    public void removePending(Long defineId, String fingerPrint) {
+        this.pendingAlertMap.remove(String.valueOf(defineId), fingerPrint);
+    }
+
+    public void putFiring(Long defineId, String fingerPrint, SingleAlert alert) {
+        this.firingAlertMap.put(String.valueOf(defineId), fingerPrint, alert);
    }

    public void putFiring(String fingerPrint, SingleAlert alert) {
-        this.firingAlertMap.put(fingerPrint, alert);
+        this.firingAlertMap.put(getCustomKey(fingerPrint), fingerPrint, alert);
+    }
+
+    public SingleAlert getFiring(Long defineId, String fingerPrint) {
+        SingleAlert singleAlert = this.firingAlertMap.get(String.valueOf(defineId), fingerPrint);
+        if (null != singleAlert) {
+            return singleAlert;
+        }
+        return getFiring(fingerPrint);
+    }
+
+    public SingleAlert removeFiring(Long defineId, String fingerPrint) {
+        SingleAlert singleAlert = this.firingAlertMap.remove(String.valueOf(defineId), fingerPrint);
+        if (null == singleAlert) {
+            return this.firingAlertMap.remove(getCustomKey(fingerPrint), fingerPrint);
+        }
+        return singleAlert;
    }

    public SingleAlert getFiring(String fingerPrint) {
-        return this.firingAlertMap.get(fingerPrint);
+        return this.firingAlertMap.get(getCustomKey(fingerPrint), fingerPrint);
    }

+    private String getCustomKey(String fingerPrint) {
+        return CUSTOM_FIRING_ROW_KEY + fingerPrint;
+    }
+
+
    public SingleAlert removeFiring(String fingerPrint) {
-        return this.firingAlertMap.remove(fingerPrint);
+        return this.firingAlertMap.remove(getCustomKey(fingerPrint), fingerPrint);
    }
 }
@@ -76,11 +76,12 @@ public class CollectorAlertHandler {
        fingerPrints.put(KEY_COLLECTOR_VERSION, collector.getVersion());
        fingerPrints.put(KEY_COLLECTOR_HOST, collector.getIp());
        String fingerprint = AlertUtil.calculateFingerprint(fingerPrints);
-        SingleAlert firingAlert = alarmCacheManager.getFiring(fingerprint);
+        SingleAlert firingAlert = alarmCacheManager.removeFiring(fingerprint);
        if (firingAlert != null) {
            firingAlert.setTriggerTimes(1);
            firingAlert.setEndAt(System.currentTimeMillis());
            firingAlert.setStatus(CommonConstants.ALERT_STATUS_RESOLVED);
+            firingAlert.setContent(this.bundle.getString("alerter.availability.collector.recover"));
            alarmCommonReduce.reduceAndSendAlarm(firingAlert.clone());
        }
    }
@@ -17,8 +17,9 @@

 package org.apache.hertzbeat.alert.calculate;

-import java.util.HashMap;
 import lombok.extern.slf4j.Slf4j;
+import org.apache.commons.collections4.CollectionUtils;
+import org.apache.commons.lang3.StringUtils;
 import org.apache.hertzbeat.alert.reduce.AlarmCommonReduce;
 import org.apache.hertzbeat.alert.service.DataSourceService;
 import org.apache.hertzbeat.alert.util.AlertTemplateUtil;
@@ -26,11 +27,11 @@ import org.apache.hertzbeat.alert.util.AlertUtil;
 import org.apache.hertzbeat.common.constants.CommonConstants;
 import org.apache.hertzbeat.common.entity.alerter.AlertDefine;
 import org.apache.hertzbeat.common.entity.alerter.SingleAlert;
+import org.springframework.stereotype.Component;
+
+import java.util.HashMap;
 import java.util.List;
 import java.util.Map;
-import org.apache.commons.lang3.StringUtils;
-import org.apache.commons.collections4.CollectionUtils;
-import org.springframework.stereotype.Component;

 /**
 * Periodic Alert Calculator
@@ -54,9 +55,9 @@ public class PeriodicAlertCalculator {
        this.alarmCacheManager = alarmCacheManager;
    }
    
-    public void calculate(AlertDefine rule) {
-        if (!rule.isEnable() || StringUtils.isEmpty(rule.getExpr())) {
-            log.error("Periodic rule {} is disabled or expression is empty", rule.getName());
+    public void calculate(AlertDefine define) {
+        if (!define.isEnable() || StringUtils.isEmpty(define.getExpr())) {
+            log.error("Periodic define {} is disabled or expression is empty", define.getName());
            return;
        }
        long currentTimeMilli = System.currentTimeMillis();
@@ -66,8 +67,8 @@ public class PeriodicAlertCalculator {
            // the return result should be matched with threshold
            try {
                List<Map<String, Object>> results = dataSourceService.calculate(
-                        rule.getDatasource(),
-                        rule.getExpr()
+                        define.getDatasource(),
+                        define.getExpr()
                );
                // if no match the expr threshold, the results item map {'value': null} should be null and others field keep
                // if results has multi list, should trigger multi alert
@@ -77,8 +78,9 @@ public class PeriodicAlertCalculator {
                for (Map<String, Object> result : results) {
                    Map<String, String> fingerPrints = new HashMap<>(8);
                    // here use the alert name as finger, not care the alert name may be changed
-                    fingerPrints.put(CommonConstants.LABEL_ALERT_NAME, rule.getName());
-                    fingerPrints.putAll(rule.getLabels());
+                    fingerPrints.put(CommonConstants.LABEL_DEFINE_ID, String.valueOf(define.getId()));
+                    fingerPrints.put(CommonConstants.LABEL_ALERT_NAME, define.getName());
+                    fingerPrints.putAll(define.getLabels());
                    for (Map.Entry<String, Object> entry : result.entrySet()) {
                        if (entry.getValue() != null && !VALUE.equals(entry.getKey())
                                && !TIMESTAMP.equals(entry.getKey())) {
@@ -87,32 +89,33 @@ public class PeriodicAlertCalculator {
                    }
                    if (result.get(VALUE) == null) {
                        // recovery the alert
-                        handleRecoveredAlert(fingerPrints);
+                        handleRecoveredAlert(define.getId(), fingerPrints);
                        continue;
                    }
                    Map<String, Object> fieldValueMap = new HashMap<>(8);
-                    fieldValueMap.putAll(rule.getLabels());
-                    fieldValueMap.put(CommonConstants.LABEL_ALERT_NAME, rule.getName());
+                    fieldValueMap.putAll(define.getLabels());
+                    fieldValueMap.put(CommonConstants.LABEL_ALERT_NAME, define.getName());
                    for (Map.Entry<String, Object> entry : result.entrySet()) {
                        if (entry.getValue() != null) {
                            fieldValueMap.put(entry.getKey(), entry.getValue());
                        }
                    }
-                    afterThresholdRuleMatch(currentTimeMilli, fingerPrints, fieldValueMap, rule);
+                    afterThresholdRuleMatch(currentTimeMilli, fingerPrints, fieldValueMap, define);
                }
            } catch (Exception ignored) {
                // ignore the query exception eg: no result, timeout, etc
                return;
            }
        } catch (Exception e) {
-            log.error("Calculate periodic rule {} failed: {}", rule.getName(), e.getMessage());
+            log.error("Calculate periodic define {} failed: {}", define.getName(), e.getMessage());
        }
    }

    private void afterThresholdRuleMatch(long currentTimeMilli, Map<String, String> fingerPrints,
                                         Map<String, Object> fieldValueMap, AlertDefine define) {
+        Long defineId = define.getId();
        String fingerprint = AlertUtil.calculateFingerprint(fingerPrints);
-        SingleAlert existingAlert = alarmCacheManager.getPending(fingerprint);
+        SingleAlert existingAlert = alarmCacheManager.getPending(defineId, fingerprint);
        Map<String, String> labels = new HashMap<>(8);
        fieldValueMap.putAll(define.getLabels());
        labels.putAll(fingerPrints);
@@ -133,11 +136,11 @@ public class PeriodicAlertCalculator {
            // If required trigger times is 1, set to firing status directly
            if (requiredTimes <= 1) {
                newAlert.setStatus(CommonConstants.ALERT_STATUS_FIRING);
-                alarmCacheManager.putFiring(fingerprint, newAlert);
+                alarmCacheManager.putFiring(defineId, fingerprint, newAlert);
                alarmCommonReduce.reduceAndSendAlarm(newAlert.clone());
            } else {
                // Otherwise put into pending queue first
-                alarmCacheManager.putPending(fingerprint, newAlert);
+                alarmCacheManager.putPending(defineId, fingerprint, newAlert);
            }
        } else {
            // Update existing alert
@@ -147,17 +150,17 @@ public class PeriodicAlertCalculator {
            // Check if required trigger times reached
            if (existingAlert.getStatus().equals(CommonConstants.ALERT_STATUS_PENDING) && existingAlert.getTriggerTimes() >= requiredTimes) {
                // Reached trigger times threshold, change to firing status
-                alarmCacheManager.removePending(fingerprint);
+                alarmCacheManager.removePending(defineId, fingerprint);
                existingAlert.setStatus(CommonConstants.ALERT_STATUS_FIRING);
-                alarmCacheManager.putFiring(fingerprint, existingAlert);
+                alarmCacheManager.putFiring(defineId, fingerprint, existingAlert);
                alarmCommonReduce.reduceAndSendAlarm(existingAlert.clone());
            }
        }
    }

-    private void handleRecoveredAlert(Map<String, String> fingerprints) {
+    private void handleRecoveredAlert(Long defineId, Map<String, String> fingerprints) {
        String fingerprint = AlertUtil.calculateFingerprint(fingerprints);
-        SingleAlert firingAlert = alarmCacheManager.removeFiring(fingerprint);
+        SingleAlert firingAlert = alarmCacheManager.removeFiring(defineId, fingerprint);
        if (firingAlert != null) {
            // todo consider multi times to tig for resolved alert
            firingAlert.setTriggerTimes(1);
@@ -165,7 +168,7 @@ public class PeriodicAlertCalculator {
            firingAlert.setStatus(CommonConstants.ALERT_STATUS_RESOLVED);
            alarmCommonReduce.reduceAndSendAlarm(firingAlert.clone());
        }
-        alarmCacheManager.removePending(fingerprint);
+        alarmCacheManager.removePending(defineId, fingerprint);
    }

 } 
@@ -183,9 +183,11 @@ public class RealTimeAlertCalculator {
            if (StringUtils.isBlank(expr)) {
                continue;
            }
+            Long defineId = define.getId();
            Map<String, String> commonFingerPrints = new HashMap<>(8);
            commonFingerPrints.put(CommonConstants.LABEL_INSTANCE, instance);
            // here use the alert name as finger, not care the alert name may be changed
+            commonFingerPrints.put(CommonConstants.LABEL_DEFINE_ID, String.valueOf(define.getId()));
            commonFingerPrints.put(CommonConstants.LABEL_ALERT_NAME, define.getName());
            commonFingerPrints.put(CommonConstants.LABEL_INSTANCE_NAME, instanceName);
            commonFingerPrints.put(CommonConstants.LABEL_INSTANCE_HOST, instanceHost);
@@ -200,9 +202,9 @@ public class RealTimeAlertCalculator {
                    try {
                        if (match) {
                            // If the threshold rule matches, the number of times the threshold has been triggered is determined and an alarm is triggered
-                            afterThresholdRuleMatch(currentTimeMilli, commonFingerPrints, fieldValueMap, define, annotations);
+                            afterThresholdRuleMatch(defineId, currentTimeMilli, commonFingerPrints, fieldValueMap, define, annotations);
                        } else {
-                            handleRecoveredAlert(commonFingerPrints);
+                            handleRecoveredAlert(defineId, commonFingerPrints);
                        }
                        // if this threshold pre compile success, ignore blew
                        continue;
@@ -254,9 +256,9 @@ public class RealTimeAlertCalculator {
                    boolean match = execAlertExpression(fieldValueMap, expr, false);
                    try {
                        if (match) {
-                            afterThresholdRuleMatch(currentTimeMilli, fingerPrints, fieldValueMap, define, annotations);
+                            afterThresholdRuleMatch(defineId, currentTimeMilli, fingerPrints, fieldValueMap, define, annotations);
                        } else {
-                            handleRecoveredAlert(fingerPrints);
+                            handleRecoveredAlert(defineId, fingerPrints);
                        }
                    } catch (Exception e) {
                        log.error(e.getMessage(), e);
@@ -334,9 +336,9 @@ public class RealTimeAlertCalculator {
                .collect(Collectors.toList());
    }

-    private void handleRecoveredAlert(Map<String, String> fingerprints) {
+    private void handleRecoveredAlert(Long defineId, Map<String, String> fingerprints) {
        String fingerprint = AlertUtil.calculateFingerprint(fingerprints);
-        SingleAlert firingAlert = alarmCacheManager.removeFiring(fingerprint);
+        SingleAlert firingAlert = alarmCacheManager.removeFiring(defineId, fingerprint);
        if (firingAlert != null) {
            // todo consider multi times to tig for resolved alert
            firingAlert.setTriggerTimes(1);
@@ -344,13 +346,14 @@ public class RealTimeAlertCalculator {
            firingAlert.setStatus(CommonConstants.ALERT_STATUS_RESOLVED);
            alarmCommonReduce.reduceAndSendAlarm(firingAlert.clone());
        }
-        alarmCacheManager.removePending(fingerprint);
+        alarmCacheManager.removePending(defineId, fingerprint);
    }

-    private void afterThresholdRuleMatch(long currentTimeMilli, Map<String, String> fingerPrints,
-                                         Map<String, Object> fieldValueMap, AlertDefine define, Map<String, String> annotations) {
+    private void afterThresholdRuleMatch(long defineId, long currentTimeMilli, Map<String, String> fingerPrints,
+                                         Map<String, Object> fieldValueMap, AlertDefine define,
+                                         Map<String, String> annotations) {
        String fingerprint = AlertUtil.calculateFingerprint(fingerPrints);
-        SingleAlert existingAlert = alarmCacheManager.getPending(fingerprint);
+        SingleAlert existingAlert = alarmCacheManager.getPending(defineId, fingerprint);
        fieldValueMap.putAll(define.getLabels());
        int requiredTimes = define.getTimes() == null ? 1 : define.getTimes();
        if (existingAlert == null) {
@@ -382,11 +385,11 @@ public class RealTimeAlertCalculator {
            // If required trigger times is 1, set to firing status directly
            if (requiredTimes <= 1) {
                newAlert.setStatus(CommonConstants.ALERT_STATUS_FIRING);
-                alarmCacheManager.putFiring(fingerprint, newAlert);
+                alarmCacheManager.putFiring(defineId, fingerprint, newAlert);
                alarmCommonReduce.reduceAndSendAlarm(newAlert.clone());
            } else {
                // Otherwise put into pending queue first
-                alarmCacheManager.putPending(fingerprint, newAlert);
+                alarmCacheManager.putPending(define.getId(), fingerprint, newAlert);
            }
        } else {
            // Update existing alert
@@ -396,9 +399,9 @@ public class RealTimeAlertCalculator {
            // Check if required trigger times reached
            if (existingAlert.getStatus().equals(CommonConstants.ALERT_STATUS_PENDING) && existingAlert.getTriggerTimes() >= requiredTimes) {
                // Reached trigger times threshold, change to firing status
-                alarmCacheManager.removePending(fingerprint);
+                alarmCacheManager.removePending(defineId, fingerprint);
                existingAlert.setStatus(CommonConstants.ALERT_STATUS_FIRING);
-                alarmCacheManager.putFiring(fingerprint, existingAlert);
+                alarmCacheManager.putFiring(defineId, fingerprint, existingAlert);
                alarmCommonReduce.reduceAndSendAlarm(existingAlert.clone());
            }
        }
@@ -17,17 +17,16 @@

 package org.apache.hertzbeat.alert.controller;

-import static org.apache.hertzbeat.common.constants.CommonConstants.MONITOR_NOT_EXIST_CODE;
-import static org.springframework.http.MediaType.APPLICATION_JSON_VALUE;
 import io.swagger.v3.oas.annotations.Operation;
 import io.swagger.v3.oas.annotations.Parameter;
 import io.swagger.v3.oas.annotations.tags.Tag;
 import jakarta.validation.Valid;
-import java.util.Objects;
 import org.apache.hertzbeat.alert.service.AlertDefineService;
 import org.apache.hertzbeat.common.entity.alerter.AlertDefine;
 import org.apache.hertzbeat.common.entity.dto.Message;
+import org.apache.hertzbeat.common.support.exception.AlertExpressionException;
 import org.springframework.beans.factory.annotation.Autowired;
+import org.springframework.http.HttpStatus;
 import org.springframework.http.ResponseEntity;
 import org.springframework.web.bind.annotation.DeleteMapping;
 import org.springframework.web.bind.annotation.GetMapping;
@@ -36,8 +35,17 @@ import org.springframework.web.bind.annotation.PostMapping;
 import org.springframework.web.bind.annotation.PutMapping;
 import org.springframework.web.bind.annotation.RequestBody;
 import org.springframework.web.bind.annotation.RequestMapping;
+import org.springframework.web.bind.annotation.RequestParam;
 import org.springframework.web.bind.annotation.RestController;

+import java.util.List;
+import java.util.Map;
+import java.util.Objects;
+
+import static org.apache.hertzbeat.common.constants.CommonConstants.FAIL_CODE;
+import static org.apache.hertzbeat.common.constants.CommonConstants.MONITOR_NOT_EXIST_CODE;
+import static org.springframework.http.MediaType.APPLICATION_JSON_VALUE;
+
 /**
 * Alarm definition management API
 */
@@ -90,4 +98,18 @@ public class AlertDefineController {
        return ResponseEntity.ok(Message.success("Delete success"));
    }

+    @GetMapping(path = "/preview/{datasource}")
+    @Operation(summary = "Alarm definition expression preview",
+            description = "If the expression is formal, then the result of the query will be returned, otherwise it will respond with an error")
+    public ResponseEntity<Message<List<Map<String, Object>>>> getDefinePreview(
+            @Parameter(description = "Data Source Type", example = "promql") @PathVariable("datasource") String datasource,
+            @Parameter(description = "alert threshold type:realtime,periodic") @RequestParam String type,
+            @Parameter(description = "alert threshold expression") @RequestParam String expr) {
+        try {
+            return ResponseEntity.ok(Message.successWithData(alertDefineService.getDefinePreview(datasource, type, expr)));
+        } catch (AlertExpressionException ae) {
+            return ResponseEntity.status(HttpStatus.BAD_REQUEST).body(Message.fail(FAIL_CODE, ae.getMessage()));
+        }
+    }
+
 }
@@ -27,7 +27,7 @@ import org.antlr.v4.runtime.tree.AbstractParseTreeVisitor;
 * of the available methods.
 *
 * @param <T> The return type of the visit operation. Use {@link Void} for
- * operations with no return type.
+ *            operations with no return type.
 */
@SuppressWarnings("CheckReturnValue")
 public class AlertExpressionBaseVisitor<T> extends AbstractParseTreeVisitor<T> implements AlertExpressionVisitor<T> {
@@ -37,7 +37,10 @@ public class AlertExpressionBaseVisitor<T> extends AbstractParseTreeVisitor<T> i
     * <p>The default implementation returns the result of calling
     * {@link #visitChildren} on {@code ctx}.</p>
     */
-    @Override public T visitExpression(AlertExpressionParser.ExpressionContext ctx) { return visitChildren(ctx); }
+    @Override
+    public T visitExpression(AlertExpressionParser.ExpressionContext ctx) {
+        return visitChildren(ctx);
+    }

    /**
     * {@inheritDoc}
@@ -45,7 +48,10 @@ public class AlertExpressionBaseVisitor<T> extends AbstractParseTreeVisitor<T> i
     * <p>The default implementation returns the result of calling
     * {@link #visitChildren} on {@code ctx}.</p>
     */
-    @Override public T visitAndExpr(AlertExpressionParser.AndExprContext ctx) { return visitChildren(ctx); }
+    @Override
+    public T visitAndExpr(AlertExpressionParser.AndExprContext ctx) {
+        return visitChildren(ctx);
+    }

    /**
     * {@inheritDoc}
@@ -53,7 +59,10 @@ public class AlertExpressionBaseVisitor<T> extends AbstractParseTreeVisitor<T> i
     * <p>The default implementation returns the result of calling
     * {@link #visitChildren} on {@code ctx}.</p>
     */
-    @Override public T visitComparisonExpr(AlertExpressionParser.ComparisonExprContext ctx) { return visitChildren(ctx); }
+    @Override
+    public T visitComparisonExpr(AlertExpressionParser.ComparisonExprContext ctx) {
+        return visitChildren(ctx);
+    }

    /**
     * {@inheritDoc}
@@ -61,7 +70,10 @@ public class AlertExpressionBaseVisitor<T> extends AbstractParseTreeVisitor<T> i
     * <p>The default implementation returns the result of calling
     * {@link #visitChildren} on {@code ctx}.</p>
     */
-    @Override public T visitUnlessExpr(AlertExpressionParser.UnlessExprContext ctx) { return visitChildren(ctx); }
+    @Override
+    public T visitUnlessExpr(AlertExpressionParser.UnlessExprContext ctx) {
+        return visitChildren(ctx);
+    }

    /**
     * {@inheritDoc}
@@ -69,7 +81,10 @@ public class AlertExpressionBaseVisitor<T> extends AbstractParseTreeVisitor<T> i
     * <p>The default implementation returns the result of calling
     * {@link #visitChildren} on {@code ctx}.</p>
     */
-    @Override public T visitSqlExpr(AlertExpressionParser.SqlExprContext ctx) { return visitChildren(ctx); }
+    @Override
+    public T visitSqlExpr(AlertExpressionParser.SqlExprContext ctx) {
+        return visitChildren(ctx);
+    }

    /**
     * {@inheritDoc}
@@ -77,7 +92,10 @@ public class AlertExpressionBaseVisitor<T> extends AbstractParseTreeVisitor<T> i
     * <p>The default implementation returns the result of calling
     * {@link #visitChildren} on {@code ctx}.</p>
     */
-    @Override public T visitSqlCallExpr(AlertExpressionParser.SqlCallExprContext ctx) { return visitChildren(ctx); }
+    @Override
+    public T visitSqlCallExpr(AlertExpressionParser.SqlCallExprContext ctx) {
+        return visitChildren(ctx);
+    }

    /**
     * {@inheritDoc}
@@ -85,7 +103,10 @@ public class AlertExpressionBaseVisitor<T> extends AbstractParseTreeVisitor<T> i
     * <p>The default implementation returns the result of calling
     * {@link #visitChildren} on {@code ctx}.</p>
     */
-    @Override public T visitLiteralExpr(AlertExpressionParser.LiteralExprContext ctx) { return visitChildren(ctx); }
+    @Override
+    public T visitLiteralExpr(AlertExpressionParser.LiteralExprContext ctx) {
+        return visitChildren(ctx);
+    }

    /**
     * {@inheritDoc}
@@ -93,7 +114,10 @@ public class AlertExpressionBaseVisitor<T> extends AbstractParseTreeVisitor<T> i
     * <p>The default implementation returns the result of calling
     * {@link #visitChildren} on {@code ctx}.</p>
     */
-    @Override public T visitParenExpr(AlertExpressionParser.ParenExprContext ctx) { return visitChildren(ctx); }
+    @Override
+    public T visitParenExpr(AlertExpressionParser.ParenExprContext ctx) {
+        return visitChildren(ctx);
+    }

    /**
     * {@inheritDoc}
@@ -101,7 +125,10 @@ public class AlertExpressionBaseVisitor<T> extends AbstractParseTreeVisitor<T> i
     * <p>The default implementation returns the result of calling
     * {@link #visitChildren} on {@code ctx}.</p>
     */
-    @Override public T visitPromqlCallExpr(AlertExpressionParser.PromqlCallExprContext ctx) { return visitChildren(ctx); }
+    @Override
+    public T visitPromqlCallExpr(AlertExpressionParser.PromqlCallExprContext ctx) {
+        return visitChildren(ctx);
+    }

    /**
     * {@inheritDoc}
@@ -109,7 +136,10 @@ public class AlertExpressionBaseVisitor<T> extends AbstractParseTreeVisitor<T> i
     * <p>The default implementation returns the result of calling
     * {@link #visitChildren} on {@code ctx}.</p>
     */
-    @Override public T visitPromqlExpr(AlertExpressionParser.PromqlExprContext ctx) { return visitChildren(ctx); }
+    @Override
+    public T visitPromqlExpr(AlertExpressionParser.PromqlExprContext ctx) {
+        return visitChildren(ctx);
+    }

    /**
     * {@inheritDoc}
@@ -117,7 +147,10 @@ public class AlertExpressionBaseVisitor<T> extends AbstractParseTreeVisitor<T> i
     * <p>The default implementation returns the result of calling
     * {@link #visitChildren} on {@code ctx}.</p>
     */
-    @Override public T visitOrExpr(AlertExpressionParser.OrExprContext ctx) { return visitChildren(ctx); }
+    @Override
+    public T visitOrExpr(AlertExpressionParser.OrExprContext ctx) {
+        return visitChildren(ctx);
+    }

    /**
     * {@inheritDoc}
@@ -125,7 +158,10 @@ public class AlertExpressionBaseVisitor<T> extends AbstractParseTreeVisitor<T> i
     * <p>The default implementation returns the result of calling
     * {@link #visitChildren} on {@code ctx}.</p>
     */
-    @Override public T visitFunctionCall(AlertExpressionParser.FunctionCallContext ctx) { return visitChildren(ctx); }
+    @Override
+    public T visitFunctionCall(AlertExpressionParser.FunctionCallContext ctx) {
+        return visitChildren(ctx);
+    }

    /**
     * {@inheritDoc}
@@ -133,7 +169,10 @@ public class AlertExpressionBaseVisitor<T> extends AbstractParseTreeVisitor<T> i
     * <p>The default implementation returns the result of calling
     * {@link #visitChildren} on {@code ctx}.</p>
     */
-    @Override public T visitParameterList(AlertExpressionParser.ParameterListContext ctx) { return visitChildren(ctx); }
+    @Override
+    public T visitParameterList(AlertExpressionParser.ParameterListContext ctx) {
+        return visitChildren(ctx);
+    }

    /**
     * {@inheritDoc}
@@ -141,7 +180,10 @@ public class AlertExpressionBaseVisitor<T> extends AbstractParseTreeVisitor<T> i
     * <p>The default implementation returns the result of calling
     * {@link #visitChildren} on {@code ctx}.</p>
     */
-    @Override public T visitParameter(AlertExpressionParser.ParameterContext ctx) { return visitChildren(ctx); }
+    @Override
+    public T visitParameter(AlertExpressionParser.ParameterContext ctx) {
+        return visitChildren(ctx);
+    }

    /**
     * {@inheritDoc}
@@ -149,7 +191,10 @@ public class AlertExpressionBaseVisitor<T> extends AbstractParseTreeVisitor<T> i
     * <p>The default implementation returns the result of calling
     * {@link #visitChildren} on {@code ctx}.</p>
     */
-    @Override public T visitNumber(AlertExpressionParser.NumberContext ctx) { return visitChildren(ctx); }
+    @Override
+    public T visitNumber(AlertExpressionParser.NumberContext ctx) {
+        return visitChildren(ctx);
+    }

    /**
     * {@inheritDoc}
@@ -157,7 +202,10 @@ public class AlertExpressionBaseVisitor<T> extends AbstractParseTreeVisitor<T> i
     * <p>The default implementation returns the result of calling
     * {@link #visitChildren} on {@code ctx}.</p>
     */
-    @Override public T visitString(AlertExpressionParser.StringContext ctx) { return visitChildren(ctx); }
+    @Override
+    public T visitString(AlertExpressionParser.StringContext ctx) {
+        return visitChildren(ctx);
+    }

    /**
     * {@inheritDoc}
@@ -165,7 +213,10 @@ public class AlertExpressionBaseVisitor<T> extends AbstractParseTreeVisitor<T> i
     * <p>The default implementation returns the result of calling
     * {@link #visitChildren} on {@code ctx}.</p>
     */
-    @Override public T visitDuration(AlertExpressionParser.DurationContext ctx) { return visitChildren(ctx); }
+    @Override
+    public T visitDuration(AlertExpressionParser.DurationContext ctx) {
+        return visitChildren(ctx);
+    }

    /**
     * {@inheritDoc}
@@ -173,7 +224,10 @@ public class AlertExpressionBaseVisitor<T> extends AbstractParseTreeVisitor<T> i
     * <p>The default implementation returns the result of calling
     * {@link #visitChildren} on {@code ctx}.</p>
     */
-    @Override public T visitFunctionName(AlertExpressionParser.FunctionNameContext ctx) { return visitChildren(ctx); }
+    @Override
+    public T visitFunctionName(AlertExpressionParser.FunctionNameContext ctx) {
+        return visitChildren(ctx);
+    }

    /**
     * {@inheritDoc}
@@ -181,7 +235,10 @@ public class AlertExpressionBaseVisitor<T> extends AbstractParseTreeVisitor<T> i
     * <p>The default implementation returns the result of calling
     * {@link #visitChildren} on {@code ctx}.</p>
     */
-    @Override public T visitSelectSql(AlertExpressionParser.SelectSqlContext ctx) { return visitChildren(ctx); }
+    @Override
+    public T visitSelectSql(AlertExpressionParser.SelectSqlContext ctx) {
+        return visitChildren(ctx);
+    }

    /**
     * {@inheritDoc}
@@ -189,7 +246,10 @@ public class AlertExpressionBaseVisitor<T> extends AbstractParseTreeVisitor<T> i
     * <p>The default implementation returns the result of calling
     * {@link #visitChildren} on {@code ctx}.</p>
     */
-    @Override public T visitSelectFieldList(AlertExpressionParser.SelectFieldListContext ctx) { return visitChildren(ctx); }
+    @Override
+    public T visitSelectFieldList(AlertExpressionParser.SelectFieldListContext ctx) {
+        return visitChildren(ctx);
+    }

    /**
     * {@inheritDoc}
@@ -197,7 +257,10 @@ public class AlertExpressionBaseVisitor<T> extends AbstractParseTreeVisitor<T> i
     * <p>The default implementation returns the result of calling
     * {@link #visitChildren} on {@code ctx}.</p>
     */
-    @Override public T visitSelectField(AlertExpressionParser.SelectFieldContext ctx) { return visitChildren(ctx); }
+    @Override
+    public T visitSelectField(AlertExpressionParser.SelectFieldContext ctx) {
+        return visitChildren(ctx);
+    }

    /**
     * {@inheritDoc}
@@ -205,7 +268,10 @@ public class AlertExpressionBaseVisitor<T> extends AbstractParseTreeVisitor<T> i
     * <p>The default implementation returns the result of calling
     * {@link #visitChildren} on {@code ctx}.</p>
     */
-    @Override public T visitGroupByList(AlertExpressionParser.GroupByListContext ctx) { return visitChildren(ctx); }
+    @Override
+    public T visitGroupByList(AlertExpressionParser.GroupByListContext ctx) {
+        return visitChildren(ctx);
+    }

    /**
     * {@inheritDoc}
@@ -213,7 +279,10 @@ public class AlertExpressionBaseVisitor<T> extends AbstractParseTreeVisitor<T> i
     * <p>The default implementation returns the result of calling
     * {@link #visitChildren} on {@code ctx}.</p>
     */
-    @Override public T visitOrderByList(AlertExpressionParser.OrderByListContext ctx) { return visitChildren(ctx); }
+    @Override
+    public T visitOrderByList(AlertExpressionParser.OrderByListContext ctx) {
+        return visitChildren(ctx);
+    }

    /**
     * {@inheritDoc}
@@ -221,7 +290,10 @@ public class AlertExpressionBaseVisitor<T> extends AbstractParseTreeVisitor<T> i
     * <p>The default implementation returns the result of calling
     * {@link #visitChildren} on {@code ctx}.</p>
     */
-    @Override public T visitOrderByField(AlertExpressionParser.OrderByFieldContext ctx) { return visitChildren(ctx); }
+    @Override
+    public T visitOrderByField(AlertExpressionParser.OrderByFieldContext ctx) {
+        return visitChildren(ctx);
+    }

    /**
     * {@inheritDoc}
@@ -229,7 +301,10 @@ public class AlertExpressionBaseVisitor<T> extends AbstractParseTreeVisitor<T> i
     * <p>The default implementation returns the result of calling
     * {@link #visitChildren} on {@code ctx}.</p>
     */
-    @Override public T visitLimitClause(AlertExpressionParser.LimitClauseContext ctx) { return visitChildren(ctx); }
+    @Override
+    public T visitLimitClause(AlertExpressionParser.LimitClauseContext ctx) {
+        return visitChildren(ctx);
+    }

    /**
     * {@inheritDoc}
@@ -237,7 +312,10 @@ public class AlertExpressionBaseVisitor<T> extends AbstractParseTreeVisitor<T> i
     * <p>The default implementation returns the result of calling
     * {@link #visitChildren} on {@code ctx}.</p>
     */
-    @Override public T visitRelList(AlertExpressionParser.RelListContext ctx) { return visitChildren(ctx); }
+    @Override
+    public T visitRelList(AlertExpressionParser.RelListContext ctx) {
+        return visitChildren(ctx);
+    }

    /**
     * {@inheritDoc}
@@ -245,7 +323,10 @@ public class AlertExpressionBaseVisitor<T> extends AbstractParseTreeVisitor<T> i
     * <p>The default implementation returns the result of calling
     * {@link #visitChildren} on {@code ctx}.</p>
     */
-    @Override public T visitRelation(AlertExpressionParser.RelationContext ctx) { return visitChildren(ctx); }
+    @Override
+    public T visitRelation(AlertExpressionParser.RelationContext ctx) {
+        return visitChildren(ctx);
+    }

    /**
     * {@inheritDoc}
@@ -253,7 +334,10 @@ public class AlertExpressionBaseVisitor<T> extends AbstractParseTreeVisitor<T> i
     * <p>The default implementation returns the result of calling
     * {@link #visitChildren} on {@code ctx}.</p>
     */
-    @Override public T visitConditionList(AlertExpressionParser.ConditionListContext ctx) { return visitChildren(ctx); }
+    @Override
+    public T visitConditionList(AlertExpressionParser.ConditionListContext ctx) {
+        return visitChildren(ctx);
+    }

    /**
     * {@inheritDoc}
@@ -261,7 +345,10 @@ public class AlertExpressionBaseVisitor<T> extends AbstractParseTreeVisitor<T> i
     * <p>The default implementation returns the result of calling
     * {@link #visitChildren} on {@code ctx}.</p>
     */
-    @Override public T visitCompOp(AlertExpressionParser.CompOpContext ctx) { return visitChildren(ctx); }
+    @Override
+    public T visitCompOp(AlertExpressionParser.CompOpContext ctx) {
+        return visitChildren(ctx);
+    }

    /**
     * {@inheritDoc}
@@ -269,7 +356,10 @@ public class AlertExpressionBaseVisitor<T> extends AbstractParseTreeVisitor<T> i
     * <p>The default implementation returns the result of calling
     * {@link #visitChildren} on {@code ctx}.</p>
     */
-    @Override public T visitCondition(AlertExpressionParser.ConditionContext ctx) { return visitChildren(ctx); }
+    @Override
+    public T visitCondition(AlertExpressionParser.ConditionContext ctx) {
+        return visitChildren(ctx);
+    }

    /**
     * {@inheritDoc}
@@ -277,7 +367,10 @@ public class AlertExpressionBaseVisitor<T> extends AbstractParseTreeVisitor<T> i
     * <p>The default implementation returns the result of calling
     * {@link #visitChildren} on {@code ctx}.</p>
     */
-    @Override public T visitConditionUnit(AlertExpressionParser.ConditionUnitContext ctx) { return visitChildren(ctx); }
+    @Override
+    public T visitConditionUnit(AlertExpressionParser.ConditionUnitContext ctx) {
+        return visitChildren(ctx);
+    }

    /**
     * {@inheritDoc}
@@ -285,7 +378,10 @@ public class AlertExpressionBaseVisitor<T> extends AbstractParseTreeVisitor<T> i
     * <p>The default implementation returns the result of calling
     * {@link #visitChildren} on {@code ctx}.</p>
     */
-    @Override public T visitPromql(AlertExpressionParser.PromqlContext ctx) { return visitChildren(ctx); }
+    @Override
+    public T visitPromql(AlertExpressionParser.PromqlContext ctx) {
+        return visitChildren(ctx);
+    }

    /**
     * {@inheritDoc}
@@ -293,7 +389,10 @@ public class AlertExpressionBaseVisitor<T> extends AbstractParseTreeVisitor<T> i
     * <p>The default implementation returns the result of calling
     * {@link #visitChildren} on {@code ctx}.</p>
     */
-    @Override public T visitMetricSelector(AlertExpressionParser.MetricSelectorContext ctx) { return visitChildren(ctx); }
+    @Override
+    public T visitMetricSelector(AlertExpressionParser.MetricSelectorContext ctx) {
+        return visitChildren(ctx);
+    }

    /**
     * {@inheritDoc}
@@ -301,7 +400,10 @@ public class AlertExpressionBaseVisitor<T> extends AbstractParseTreeVisitor<T> i
     * <p>The default implementation returns the result of calling
     * {@link #visitChildren} on {@code ctx}.</p>
     */
-    @Override public T visitLabelMatcherList(AlertExpressionParser.LabelMatcherListContext ctx) { return visitChildren(ctx); }
+    @Override
+    public T visitLabelMatcherList(AlertExpressionParser.LabelMatcherListContext ctx) {
+        return visitChildren(ctx);
+    }

    /**
     * {@inheritDoc}
@@ -309,7 +411,10 @@ public class AlertExpressionBaseVisitor<T> extends AbstractParseTreeVisitor<T> i
     * <p>The default implementation returns the result of calling
     * {@link #visitChildren} on {@code ctx}.</p>
     */
-    @Override public T visitLabelMatcherItem(AlertExpressionParser.LabelMatcherItemContext ctx) { return visitChildren(ctx); }
+    @Override
+    public T visitLabelMatcherItem(AlertExpressionParser.LabelMatcherItemContext ctx) {
+        return visitChildren(ctx);
+    }

    /**
     * {@inheritDoc}
@@ -317,7 +422,10 @@ public class AlertExpressionBaseVisitor<T> extends AbstractParseTreeVisitor<T> i
     * <p>The default implementation returns the result of calling
     * {@link #visitChildren} on {@code ctx}.</p>
     */
-    @Override public T visitLabelMatcherOp(AlertExpressionParser.LabelMatcherOpContext ctx) { return visitChildren(ctx); }
+    @Override
+    public T visitLabelMatcherOp(AlertExpressionParser.LabelMatcherOpContext ctx) {
+        return visitChildren(ctx);
+    }

    /**
     * {@inheritDoc}
@@ -325,7 +433,10 @@ public class AlertExpressionBaseVisitor<T> extends AbstractParseTreeVisitor<T> i
     * <p>The default implementation returns the result of calling
     * {@link #visitChildren} on {@code ctx}.</p>
     */
-    @Override public T visitLabelList(AlertExpressionParser.LabelListContext ctx) { return visitChildren(ctx); }
+    @Override
+    public T visitLabelList(AlertExpressionParser.LabelListContext ctx) {
+        return visitChildren(ctx);
+    }

    /**
     * {@inheritDoc}
@@ -333,7 +444,10 @@ public class AlertExpressionBaseVisitor<T> extends AbstractParseTreeVisitor<T> i
     * <p>The default implementation returns the result of calling
     * {@link #visitChildren} on {@code ctx}.</p>
     */
-    @Override public T visitInstantVectorOp(AlertExpressionParser.InstantVectorOpContext ctx) { return visitChildren(ctx); }
+    @Override
+    public T visitInstantVectorOp(AlertExpressionParser.InstantVectorOpContext ctx) {
+        return visitChildren(ctx);
+    }

    /**
     * {@inheritDoc}
@@ -341,13 +455,8 @@ public class AlertExpressionBaseVisitor<T> extends AbstractParseTreeVisitor<T> i
     * <p>The default implementation returns the result of calling
     * {@link #visitChildren} on {@code ctx}.</p>
     */
-    @Override public T visitAggregationOperator(AlertExpressionParser.AggregationOperatorContext ctx) { return visitChildren(ctx); }
-
-    /**
-     * {@inheritDoc}
-     *
-     * <p>The default implementation returns the result of calling
-     * {@link #visitChildren} on {@code ctx}.</p>
-     */
-    @Override public T visitBinaryOperator(AlertExpressionParser.BinaryOperatorContext ctx) { return visitChildren(ctx); }
+    @Override
+    public T visitAggregationOperator(AlertExpressionParser.AggregationOperatorContext ctx) {
+        return visitChildren(ctx);
+    }
 }
@@ -18,11 +18,12 @@
 package org.apache.hertzbeat.alert.expr;

 import org.antlr.v4.runtime.CommonTokenStream;
+import org.apache.commons.collections4.CollectionUtils;
+import org.apache.hertzbeat.common.support.exception.ExpressionVisitorException;
 import org.apache.hertzbeat.warehouse.db.QueryExecutor;

 import java.util.ArrayList;
 import java.util.HashMap;
-import java.util.LinkedList;
 import java.util.List;
 import java.util.Map;
 import java.util.Set;
@@ -33,7 +34,7 @@ import java.util.stream.Collectors;
 */
 public class AlertExpressionEvalVisitor extends AlertExpressionBaseVisitor<List<Map<String, Object>>> {

-    private static final String THRESHOLD = "__threshold__";
+    private static final String SCALAR = "__scalar__";
    private static final String NAME = "__name__";
    private static final String VALUE = "__value__";
    private static final String TIMESTAMP = "__timestamp__";
@@ -60,28 +61,100 @@ public class AlertExpressionEvalVisitor extends AlertExpressionBaseVisitor<List<
    public List<Map<String, Object>> visitComparisonExpr(AlertExpressionParser.ComparisonExprContext ctx) {
        List<Map<String, Object>> leftResult = visit(ctx.left);
        List<Map<String, Object>> rightResult = visit(ctx.right);
-        if (rightResult.size() == 1 && rightResult.get(0).containsKey(THRESHOLD)) {
-            double threshold = (double) rightResult.get(0).get(THRESHOLD);
-            String operator = ctx.op.getText();
+        int type = ctx.op.getType();
+        boolean boolModifier = ctx.BOOL() != null;
+        boolean leftIsScalar = isScalar(leftResult);
+        boolean rightIsScalar = isScalar(rightResult);
+        List<Map<String, Object>> results = new ArrayList<>();

-            List<Map<String, Object>> result = new ArrayList<>();
-            for (Map<String, Object> item : leftResult) {
-                Object queryValues = item.get(VALUE);
-                if (queryValues == null) {
-                    // ignore the query result data is empty
+        // scalar and scalar
+        if (leftIsScalar && rightIsScalar) {
+            if (!boolModifier) {
+                // Between two scalars,
+                // the bool modifier must be provided and these operators result in another scalar that is either 0 (false) or 1 (true), depending on the comparison result.
+                return results;
+            }
+            Object leftVal = leftResult.get(0).get(SCALAR);
+            Object rightVal = rightResult.get(0).get(SCALAR);
+            Boolean match = compareOp(leftVal, type, rightVal);
+            // returns a result only if the comparison condition is met.
+            Map<String, Object> result = new HashMap<>();
+            result.put(VALUE, match ? 1 : 0);
+            results.add(result);
+            return results;
+        }
+
+        // scalar and vector
+        if (leftIsScalar) {
+            Object leftVal = leftResult.get(0).get(SCALAR);
+            for (Map<String, Object> rightItem : rightResult) {
+                Object rightVal = rightItem.getOrDefault(VALUE, null);
+                if (isValidValue(rightVal)) {
                    continue;
                }
-                // queryValues may be a list of values, or a single value
-                Object matchValue = evaluateCondition(queryValues, operator, threshold);
-                Map<String, Object> resultMap = new HashMap(item);
-                resultMap.put(VALUE, matchValue);
-                // if matchValue is null, mean not match the threshold
-                // if not null, mean match the threshold
-                result.add(resultMap);
+                Boolean match = compareOp(leftVal, type, rightVal);
+                Map<String, Object> result = new HashMap<>(rightItem);
+                if (boolModifier) {
+                    result.put(VALUE, match ? 1 : 0);
+                    results.add(result);
+                } else {
+                    result.put(VALUE, match ? rightVal : null);
+                    results.add(result);
+                }
            }
-            return result;
+            return results;
        }
-        return new LinkedList<>();
+
+        // vector and scalar
+        if (rightIsScalar) {
+            Object rightVal = rightResult.get(0).get(SCALAR);
+            for (Map<String, Object> leftItem : leftResult) {
+                Object leftVal = leftItem.getOrDefault(VALUE, null);
+                if (isValidValue(leftVal)) {
+                    continue;
+                }
+                Boolean match = compareOp(leftVal, type, rightVal);
+                Map<String, Object> result = new HashMap<>(leftItem);
+                if (boolModifier) {
+                    result.put(VALUE, match ? 1 : 0);
+                    results.add(result);
+                } else {
+                    result.put(VALUE, match ? leftVal : null);
+                    results.add(result);
+                }
+            }
+            return results;
+        }
+
+        // vector and vector
+        Map<String, Map<String, Object>> rightMap = rightResult.stream()
+                .filter(item -> item.get(VALUE) != null)
+                .collect(Collectors.toMap(this::labelKey, item -> item, (existing, replacement) -> existing));
+
+        for (Map<String, Object> leftItem : leftResult) {
+            Object leftVal = leftItem.getOrDefault(VALUE, null);
+            if (isValidValue(leftVal)) {
+                continue;
+            }
+            Map<String, Object> rightItem = rightMap.get(labelKey(leftItem));
+            if (rightItem == null) {
+                continue;
+            }
+            Object rightVal = rightItem.get(VALUE);
+            if (isValidValue(rightVal)) {
+                continue;
+            }
+            Boolean match = compareOp(leftVal, type, rightVal);
+            Map<String, Object> result = new HashMap<>(leftItem);
+            if (boolModifier) {
+                result.put(VALUE, match ? 1 : 0);
+                results.add(result);
+            } else {
+                result.put(VALUE, match ? leftVal : null);
+                results.add(result);
+            }
+        }
+        return results;
    }

    @Override
@@ -115,92 +188,51 @@ public class AlertExpressionEvalVisitor extends AlertExpressionBaseVisitor<List<
        List<Map<String, Object>> leftOperand = visit(ctx.left);
        List<Map<String, Object>> rightOperand = visit(ctx.right);

-        Map<String, Object> leftMap = null;
-        boolean leftMatch = false;
-        Map<String, Object> rightMap = null;
-        boolean rightMatch = false;
-        for (Map<String, Object> item : leftOperand) {
-            if (leftMap == null) {
-                leftMap = item;
+        // build a hashMap of the left-hand label collection
+        Map<String, Map<String, Object>> leftLabelMap = leftOperand.stream()
+                .filter(item -> item.get(VALUE) != null)
+                .collect(Collectors.toMap(this::labelKey, HashMap::new, (k1, k2) -> k1));
+
+        // first add all the non-empty items on the left side
+        List<Map<String, Object>> results = new ArrayList<>(leftLabelMap.values());
+
+        // add the term that has a value on the right side and not on the left side
+        for (Map<String, Object> rightItem : rightOperand) {
+            Object rightVal = rightItem.get(VALUE);
+            if (rightVal == null) {
+                continue;
            }
-            if (item.get(VALUE) != null) {
-                leftMap = item;
-                leftMatch = true;
-                break;
+            String key = labelKey(rightItem);
+            if (!leftLabelMap.containsKey(key)) {
+                results.add(new HashMap<>(rightItem));
            }
        }
-        for (Map<String, Object> item : rightOperand) {
-            if (rightMap == null) {
-                rightMap = item;
-            }
-            if (item.get(VALUE) != null) {
-                rightMap = item;
-                rightMatch = true;
-                break;
-            }
-        }
-        if (leftMatch && rightMatch) {
-            rightMap.putAll(leftMap);
-            return new LinkedList<>(List.of(rightMap));
-        } else if (leftMatch) {
-            return new LinkedList<>(List.of(leftMap));
-        } else if (rightMatch) {
-            return new LinkedList<>(List.of(rightMap));
-        } else {
-            if (leftMap != null && rightMap != null) {
-                rightMap.putAll(leftMap);
-                return new LinkedList<>(List.of(rightMap));
-            } else if (leftMap != null) {
-                return new LinkedList<>(List.of(leftMap));
-            } else if (rightMap != null) {
-                return new LinkedList<>(List.of(rightMap));
-            }
-        }
-        return new LinkedList<>();
+        return results;
    }

    @Override
    public List<Map<String, Object>> visitUnlessExpr(AlertExpressionParser.UnlessExprContext ctx) {
        List<Map<String, Object>> leftOperand = visit(ctx.left);
        List<Map<String, Object>> rightOperand = visit(ctx.right);
-        Map<String, Object> leftMap = null;
-        boolean leftMatch = false;
-        Map<String, Object> rightMap = null;
-        boolean rightMatch = false;
-        for (Map<String, Object> item : leftOperand) {
-            if (leftMap == null) {
-                leftMap = item;
+        List<Map<String, Object>> results = new ArrayList<>();
+
+        // build a hash set of the right-side tag collection
+        Set<String> rightLabelSet = rightOperand.stream()
+                .filter(item -> item.get(VALUE) != null)
+                .map(this::labelKey)
+                .collect(Collectors.toSet());
+
+        // iterate over the left side, O(1) match
+        for (Map<String, Object> leftItem : leftOperand) {
+            Object leftVal = leftItem.get(VALUE);
+            if (leftVal == null) {
+                continue;
            }
-            if (item.get(VALUE) != null) {
-                leftMap = item;
-                leftMatch = true;
-                break;
+            if (!rightLabelSet.contains(labelKey(leftItem))) {
+                results.add(new HashMap<>(leftItem));
            }
        }
-        for (Map<String, Object> item : rightOperand) {
-            if (rightMap == null) {
-                rightMap = item;
-            }
-            if (item.get(VALUE) != null) {
-                rightMap = item;
-                rightMatch = true;
-                break;
-            }
-        }
-        if (leftMatch && !rightMatch) {
-            return new LinkedList<>(List.of(leftMap));
-        } else {
-            if (leftMap != null) {
-                leftMap.put(VALUE, null);
-                return new LinkedList<>(List.of(leftMap));
-            } else {
-                if (rightMap != null) {
-                    rightMap.put(VALUE, null);
-                    return new LinkedList<>(List.of(rightMap));
-                }
-            }
-        }
-        return new LinkedList<>();
+        return results;
    }

    @Override
@@ -208,7 +240,7 @@ public class AlertExpressionEvalVisitor extends AlertExpressionBaseVisitor<List<
        double value = Double.parseDouble(ctx.number().getText());
        List<Map<String, Object>> numAsList = new ArrayList<>();
        Map<String, Object> valueMap = new HashMap<>();
-        valueMap.put(THRESHOLD, value);
+        valueMap.put(SCALAR, value);
        numAsList.add(valueMap);
        return numAsList;
    }
@@ -235,83 +267,7 @@ public class AlertExpressionEvalVisitor extends AlertExpressionBaseVisitor<List<
        return callSqlOrPromql(tokens.getText(ctx.string()));
    }

-    private Object evaluateCondition(Object value, String operator, Double threshold) {
-        // value may be a list of values, or a single value
-        switch (operator) {
-            case ">":
-                // if value is list, return the max value
-                if (value instanceof List<?> values) {
-                    Double doubleValue = values.stream().map(v -> Double.valueOf(v.toString())).max(Double::compareTo).orElse(null);
-                    if (doubleValue != null) {
-                        return doubleValue > threshold ? doubleValue : null;
-                    } else {
-                        return null;
-                    }
-                } else {
-                    return Double.parseDouble(value.toString()) > threshold ? value : null;
-                }
-            case ">=":
-                if (value instanceof List<?> values) {
-                    Double doubleValue = values.stream().map(v -> Double.valueOf(v.toString())).max(Double::compareTo).orElse(null);
-                    if (doubleValue != null) {
-                        return doubleValue >= threshold ? doubleValue : null;
-                    } else {
-                        return null;
-                    }
-                } else {
-                    return Double.parseDouble(value.toString()) >= threshold ? value : null;
-                }
-            case "<":
-                if (value instanceof List<?> values) {
-                    Double doubleValue = values.stream().map(v -> Double.valueOf(v.toString())).min(Double::compareTo).orElse(null);
-                    if (doubleValue != null) {
-                        return doubleValue < threshold ? doubleValue : null;
-                    } else {
-                        return null;
-                    }
-                } else {
-                    return Double.parseDouble(value.toString()) < threshold ? value : null;
-                }
-            case "<=":
-                if (value instanceof List<?> values) {
-                    Double doubleValue = values.stream().map(v -> Double.valueOf(v.toString())).min(Double::compareTo).orElse(null);
-                    if (doubleValue != null) {
-                        return doubleValue <= threshold ? doubleValue : null;
-                    } else {
-                        return null;
-                    }
-                } else {
-                    return Double.parseDouble(value.toString()) <= threshold ? value : null;
-                }
-            case "==":
-                if (value instanceof List<?> values) {
-                    for (Object v : values) {
-                        if (v.equals(threshold)) {
-                            return v;
-                        }
-                    }
-                    return null;
-                } else {
-                    return value.equals(threshold) ? value : null;
-                }
-            case "!=":
-                if (value instanceof List<?> values) {
-                    for (Object v : values) {
-                        if (v.equals(threshold)) {
-                            return null;
-                        }
-                    }
-                    return value;
-                } else {
-                    return value.equals(threshold) ? null : value;
-                }
-            default:
-                // unsupported operator todo add more operator
-                return null;
-        }
-    }
-
-    private List<Map<String, Object>> callSqlOrPromql(String text){
+    private List<Map<String, Object>> callSqlOrPromql(String text) {
        String script = text.substring(1, text.length() - 1);
        return executor.execute(script);
    }
@@ -331,4 +287,36 @@ public class AlertExpressionEvalVisitor extends AlertExpressionBaseVisitor<List<
        return key.isEmpty() ? "-" : key;
    }

+    private boolean isScalar(List<Map<String, Object>> context) {
+        return CollectionUtils.isNotEmpty(context)
+                && context.size() == 1
+                && context.get(0).containsKey(SCALAR)
+                && null != context.get(0).get(SCALAR);
+    }
+
+    private double parseStrToDouble(String text) {
+        try {
+            return Double.parseDouble(text);
+        } catch (NumberFormatException e) {
+            throw new ExpressionVisitorException("number format exception", e);
+        }
+    }
+
+    private boolean isValidValue(Object val) {
+        return val == null || val instanceof List<?>;
+    }
+
+    private Boolean compareOp(Object leftVal, int opType, Object rightVal) {
+        double left = parseStrToDouble(leftVal.toString());
+        double right = parseStrToDouble(rightVal.toString());
+        return switch (opType) {
+            case AlertExpressionParser.GT -> left > right;
+            case AlertExpressionParser.GE -> left >= right;
+            case AlertExpressionParser.LT -> left < right;
+            case AlertExpressionParser.LE -> left <= right;
+            case AlertExpressionParser.EQ -> left == right;
+            case AlertExpressionParser.NE -> left != right;
+            default -> false;
+        };
+    }
 }
@@ -26,12 +26,13 @@ import org.antlr.v4.runtime.tree.ParseTreeVisitor;
 * by {@link AlertExpressionParser}.
 *
 * @param <T> The return type of the visit operation. Use {@link Void} for
- * operations with no return type.
+ *            operations with no return type.
 */
 public interface AlertExpressionVisitor<T> extends ParseTreeVisitor<T> {

    /**
     * Visit a parse tree produced by {@link AlertExpressionParser#expression}.
+     *
     * @param ctx the parse tree
     * @return the visitor result
     */
@@ -40,6 +41,7 @@ public interface AlertExpressionVisitor<T> extends ParseTreeVisitor<T> {
    /**
     * Visit a parse tree produced by the {@code AndExpr}
     * labeled alternative in {@link AlertExpressionParser#expr}.
+     *
     * @param ctx the parse tree
     * @return the visitor result
     */
@@ -48,6 +50,7 @@ public interface AlertExpressionVisitor<T> extends ParseTreeVisitor<T> {
    /**
     * Visit a parse tree produced by the {@code ComparisonExpr}
     * labeled alternative in {@link AlertExpressionParser#expr}.
+     *
     * @param ctx the parse tree
     * @return the visitor result
     */
@@ -56,6 +59,7 @@ public interface AlertExpressionVisitor<T> extends ParseTreeVisitor<T> {
    /**
     * Visit a parse tree produced by the {@code UnlessExpr}
     * labeled alternative in {@link AlertExpressionParser#expr}.
+     *
     * @param ctx the parse tree
     * @return the visitor result
     */
@@ -64,6 +68,7 @@ public interface AlertExpressionVisitor<T> extends ParseTreeVisitor<T> {
    /**
     * Visit a parse tree produced by the {@code SqlExpr}
     * labeled alternative in {@link AlertExpressionParser#expr}.
+     *
     * @param ctx the parse tree
     * @return the visitor result
     */
@@ -72,6 +77,7 @@ public interface AlertExpressionVisitor<T> extends ParseTreeVisitor<T> {
    /**
     * Visit a parse tree produced by the {@code SqlCallExpr}
     * labeled alternative in {@link AlertExpressionParser#expr}.
+     *
     * @param ctx the parse tree
     * @return the visitor result
     */
@@ -80,6 +86,7 @@ public interface AlertExpressionVisitor<T> extends ParseTreeVisitor<T> {
    /**
     * Visit a parse tree produced by the {@code LiteralExpr}
     * labeled alternative in {@link AlertExpressionParser#expr}.
+     *
     * @param ctx the parse tree
     * @return the visitor result
     */
@@ -88,6 +95,7 @@ public interface AlertExpressionVisitor<T> extends ParseTreeVisitor<T> {
    /**
     * Visit a parse tree produced by the {@code ParenExpr}
     * labeled alternative in {@link AlertExpressionParser#expr}.
+     *
     * @param ctx the parse tree
     * @return the visitor result
     */
@@ -96,6 +104,7 @@ public interface AlertExpressionVisitor<T> extends ParseTreeVisitor<T> {
    /**
     * Visit a parse tree produced by the {@code PromqlCallExpr}
     * labeled alternative in {@link AlertExpressionParser#expr}.
+     *
     * @param ctx the parse tree
     * @return the visitor result
     */
@@ -104,6 +113,7 @@ public interface AlertExpressionVisitor<T> extends ParseTreeVisitor<T> {
    /**
     * Visit a parse tree produced by the {@code PromqlExpr}
     * labeled alternative in {@link AlertExpressionParser#expr}.
+     *
     * @param ctx the parse tree
     * @return the visitor result
     */
@@ -112,6 +122,7 @@ public interface AlertExpressionVisitor<T> extends ParseTreeVisitor<T> {
    /**
     * Visit a parse tree produced by the {@code OrExpr}
     * labeled alternative in {@link AlertExpressionParser#expr}.
+     *
     * @param ctx the parse tree
     * @return the visitor result
     */
@@ -119,6 +130,7 @@ public interface AlertExpressionVisitor<T> extends ParseTreeVisitor<T> {

    /**
     * Visit a parse tree produced by {@link AlertExpressionParser#functionCall}.
+     *
     * @param ctx the parse tree
     * @return the visitor result
     */
@@ -126,6 +138,7 @@ public interface AlertExpressionVisitor<T> extends ParseTreeVisitor<T> {

    /**
     * Visit a parse tree produced by {@link AlertExpressionParser#parameterList}.
+     *
     * @param ctx the parse tree
     * @return the visitor result
     */
@@ -133,6 +146,7 @@ public interface AlertExpressionVisitor<T> extends ParseTreeVisitor<T> {

    /**
     * Visit a parse tree produced by {@link AlertExpressionParser#parameter}.
+     *
     * @param ctx the parse tree
     * @return the visitor result
     */
@@ -140,6 +154,7 @@ public interface AlertExpressionVisitor<T> extends ParseTreeVisitor<T> {

    /**
     * Visit a parse tree produced by {@link AlertExpressionParser#number}.
+     *
     * @param ctx the parse tree
     * @return the visitor result
     */
@@ -147,6 +162,7 @@ public interface AlertExpressionVisitor<T> extends ParseTreeVisitor<T> {

    /**
     * Visit a parse tree produced by {@link AlertExpressionParser#string}.
+     *
     * @param ctx the parse tree
     * @return the visitor result
     */
@@ -154,6 +170,7 @@ public interface AlertExpressionVisitor<T> extends ParseTreeVisitor<T> {

    /**
     * Visit a parse tree produced by {@link AlertExpressionParser#duration}.
+     *
     * @param ctx the parse tree
     * @return the visitor result
     */
@@ -161,6 +178,7 @@ public interface AlertExpressionVisitor<T> extends ParseTreeVisitor<T> {

    /**
     * Visit a parse tree produced by {@link AlertExpressionParser#functionName}.
+     *
     * @param ctx the parse tree
     * @return the visitor result
     */
@@ -168,6 +186,7 @@ public interface AlertExpressionVisitor<T> extends ParseTreeVisitor<T> {

    /**
     * Visit a parse tree produced by {@link AlertExpressionParser#selectSql}.
+     *
     * @param ctx the parse tree
     * @return the visitor result
     */
@@ -175,6 +194,7 @@ public interface AlertExpressionVisitor<T> extends ParseTreeVisitor<T> {

    /**
     * Visit a parse tree produced by {@link AlertExpressionParser#selectFieldList}.
+     *
     * @param ctx the parse tree
     * @return the visitor result
     */
@@ -182,6 +202,7 @@ public interface AlertExpressionVisitor<T> extends ParseTreeVisitor<T> {

    /**
     * Visit a parse tree produced by {@link AlertExpressionParser#selectField}.
+     *
     * @param ctx the parse tree
     * @return the visitor result
     */
@@ -189,6 +210,7 @@ public interface AlertExpressionVisitor<T> extends ParseTreeVisitor<T> {

    /**
     * Visit a parse tree produced by {@link AlertExpressionParser#groupByList}.
+     *
     * @param ctx the parse tree
     * @return the visitor result
     */
@@ -196,6 +218,7 @@ public interface AlertExpressionVisitor<T> extends ParseTreeVisitor<T> {

    /**
     * Visit a parse tree produced by {@link AlertExpressionParser#orderByList}.
+     *
     * @param ctx the parse tree
     * @return the visitor result
     */
@@ -203,6 +226,7 @@ public interface AlertExpressionVisitor<T> extends ParseTreeVisitor<T> {

    /**
     * Visit a parse tree produced by {@link AlertExpressionParser#orderByField}.
+     *
     * @param ctx the parse tree
     * @return the visitor result
     */
@@ -210,6 +234,7 @@ public interface AlertExpressionVisitor<T> extends ParseTreeVisitor<T> {

    /**
     * Visit a parse tree produced by {@link AlertExpressionParser#limitClause}.
+     *
     * @param ctx the parse tree
     * @return the visitor result
     */
@@ -217,6 +242,7 @@ public interface AlertExpressionVisitor<T> extends ParseTreeVisitor<T> {

    /**
     * Visit a parse tree produced by {@link AlertExpressionParser#relList}.
+     *
     * @param ctx the parse tree
     * @return the visitor result
     */
@@ -224,6 +250,7 @@ public interface AlertExpressionVisitor<T> extends ParseTreeVisitor<T> {

    /**
     * Visit a parse tree produced by {@link AlertExpressionParser#relation}.
+     *
     * @param ctx the parse tree
     * @return the visitor result
     */
@@ -231,6 +258,7 @@ public interface AlertExpressionVisitor<T> extends ParseTreeVisitor<T> {

    /**
     * Visit a parse tree produced by {@link AlertExpressionParser#conditionList}.
+     *
     * @param ctx the parse tree
     * @return the visitor result
     */
@@ -238,6 +266,7 @@ public interface AlertExpressionVisitor<T> extends ParseTreeVisitor<T> {

    /**
     * Visit a parse tree produced by {@link AlertExpressionParser#compOp}.
+     *
     * @param ctx the parse tree
     * @return the visitor result
     */
@@ -245,6 +274,7 @@ public interface AlertExpressionVisitor<T> extends ParseTreeVisitor<T> {

    /**
     * Visit a parse tree produced by {@link AlertExpressionParser#condition}.
+     *
     * @param ctx the parse tree
     * @return the visitor result
     */
@@ -252,6 +282,7 @@ public interface AlertExpressionVisitor<T> extends ParseTreeVisitor<T> {

    /**
     * Visit a parse tree produced by {@link AlertExpressionParser#conditionUnit}.
+     *
     * @param ctx the parse tree
     * @return the visitor result
     */
@@ -259,6 +290,7 @@ public interface AlertExpressionVisitor<T> extends ParseTreeVisitor<T> {

    /**
     * Visit a parse tree produced by {@link AlertExpressionParser#promql}.
+     *
     * @param ctx the parse tree
     * @return the visitor result
     */
@@ -266,6 +298,7 @@ public interface AlertExpressionVisitor<T> extends ParseTreeVisitor<T> {

    /**
     * Visit a parse tree produced by {@link AlertExpressionParser#metricSelector}.
+     *
     * @param ctx the parse tree
     * @return the visitor result
     */
@@ -273,6 +306,7 @@ public interface AlertExpressionVisitor<T> extends ParseTreeVisitor<T> {

    /**
     * Visit a parse tree produced by {@link AlertExpressionParser#labelMatcherList}.
+     *
     * @param ctx the parse tree
     * @return the visitor result
     */
@@ -280,6 +314,7 @@ public interface AlertExpressionVisitor<T> extends ParseTreeVisitor<T> {

    /**
     * Visit a parse tree produced by {@link AlertExpressionParser#labelMatcherItem}.
+     *
     * @param ctx the parse tree
     * @return the visitor result
     */
@@ -287,6 +322,7 @@ public interface AlertExpressionVisitor<T> extends ParseTreeVisitor<T> {

    /**
     * Visit a parse tree produced by {@link AlertExpressionParser#labelMatcherOp}.
+     *
     * @param ctx the parse tree
     * @return the visitor result
     */
@@ -294,6 +330,7 @@ public interface AlertExpressionVisitor<T> extends ParseTreeVisitor<T> {

    /**
     * Visit a parse tree produced by {@link AlertExpressionParser#labelList}.
+     *
     * @param ctx the parse tree
     * @return the visitor result
     */
@@ -301,6 +338,7 @@ public interface AlertExpressionVisitor<T> extends ParseTreeVisitor<T> {

    /**
     * Visit a parse tree produced by {@link AlertExpressionParser#instantVectorOp}.
+     *
     * @param ctx the parse tree
     * @return the visitor result
     */
@@ -308,15 +346,9 @@ public interface AlertExpressionVisitor<T> extends ParseTreeVisitor<T> {

    /**
     * Visit a parse tree produced by {@link AlertExpressionParser#aggregationOperator}.
+     *
     * @param ctx the parse tree
     * @return the visitor result
     */
    T visitAggregationOperator(AlertExpressionParser.AggregationOperatorContext ctx);
-
-    /**
-     * Visit a parse tree produced by {@link AlertExpressionParser#binaryOperator}.
-     * @param ctx the parse tree
-     * @return the visitor result
-     */
-    T visitBinaryOperator(AlertExpressionParser.BinaryOperatorContext ctx);
 }
@@ -17,8 +17,6 @@

 package org.apache.hertzbeat.alert.notice.impl;

-import java.util.Arrays;
-import java.util.stream.Collectors;
 import lombok.RequiredArgsConstructor;
 import lombok.extern.slf4j.Slf4j;
 import org.apache.commons.lang3.StringUtils;
@@ -29,11 +27,14 @@ import org.apache.hertzbeat.common.entity.alerter.NoticeTemplate;
 import org.apache.hertzbeat.common.util.JsonUtil;
 import org.springframework.http.HttpEntity;
 import org.springframework.http.HttpHeaders;
-import org.springframework.http.HttpStatus;
 import org.springframework.http.MediaType;
+import org.springframework.http.HttpStatus;
 import org.springframework.http.ResponseEntity;
 import org.springframework.stereotype.Component;

+import java.util.Arrays;
+import java.util.stream.Collectors;
+
 /**
 * Send alert information through FeiShu
 */
@@ -47,19 +48,18 @@ final class FlyBookAlertNotifyHandlerImpl extends AbstractAlertNotifyHandlerImpl
     */
    private static final String[] TITLE_COLOR = {"red", "yellow", "orange"};

-
    @Override
    public void send(NoticeReceiver receiver, NoticeTemplate noticeTemplate, GroupAlert alert) {
        try {
            String notificationContent = JsonUtil.toJson(renderContent(noticeTemplate, alert));
-            // todo priority custom the color 
+            // todo priority custom the color
            String cardMessage = createLarkMessage(receiver.getUserId(), notificationContent, (byte) 1);
            String webHookUrl = alerterProperties.getFlyBookWebhookUrl() + receiver.getAccessToken();
            HttpHeaders headers = new HttpHeaders();
            headers.setContentType(MediaType.APPLICATION_JSON);
            HttpEntity<String> flyEntity = new HttpEntity<>(cardMessage, headers);
            ResponseEntity<CommonRobotNotifyResp> entity = restTemplate.postForEntity(webHookUrl,
-                flyEntity, CommonRobotNotifyResp.class);
+                    flyEntity, CommonRobotNotifyResp.class);
            if (entity.getStatusCode() == HttpStatus.OK) {
                assert entity.getBody() != null;
                if (entity.getBody().getCode() == null || entity.getBody().getCode() == 0) {
@@ -87,115 +87,120 @@ final class FlyBookAlertNotifyHandlerImpl extends AbstractAlertNotifyHandlerImpl
     */
    private String createLarkMessage(String userId, String notificationContent, byte priority) {
        String larkCardMessage = """
-            {
-                "msg_type": "interactive",
-                "card": {
-                    "config": {
-                        "update_multi": true
-                    },
-                    "i18n_elements": {
-                        "zh_cn": [
-                            {
-                                "tag": "column_set",
-                                "flex_mode": "none",
-                                "horizontal_spacing": "default",
-                                "background_style": "default",
-                                "columns": [
-                                    {
-                                        "tag": "column",
-                                        "elements": [
-                                            {
-                                                "tag": "div",
-                                                "text": {
-                                                    "tag": "plain_text",
-                                                    "content": "",
-                                                    "text_size": "normal",
-                                                    "text_align": "left",
-                                                    "text_color": "default"
-                                                }
-                                            }
-                                        ],
-                                        "width": "weighted",
-                                        "weight": 1
-                                    }
-                                ]
-                            },
-                            {
-                                "tag": "column_set",
-                                "flex_mode": "none",
-                                "horizontal_spacing": "default",
-                                "background_style": "default",
-                                "columns": [
-                                    {
-                                        "tag": "column",
-                                        "elements": [
-                                            {
-                                                "tag": "div",
-                                                "text": {
-                                                    "tag": "plain_text",
-                                                    "content": %s,
-                                                    "text_size": "normal",
-                                                    "text_align": "left",
-                                                    "text_color": "default"
-                                                }
-                                            }
-                                        ],
-                                        "width": "weighted",
-                                        "weight": 1
-                                    }
-                                ]
-                            },
-                            %s
-                            {
-                                "tag": "action",
-                                "actions": [
-                                    {
-                                        "tag": "button",
-                                        "text": {
-                                            "tag": "plain_text",
-                                            "content": "登入控制台"
-                                        },
-                                        "type": "default",
-                                        "complex_interaction": true,
-                                        "width": "default",
-                                        "size": "medium",
-                                        "multi_url": {
-                                            "url": "%s"
-                                        }
-                                    }
-                                ]
-                            }
-                        ]
-                    },
-                    "i18n_header": {
-                        "zh_cn": {
-                            "title": {
-                                "tag": "plain_text",
-                                "content": "HertzBeat 告警"
-                            },
-                            "template": "%s"
-                        }
-                    }
+                 {
+                 "msg_type": "interactive",
+                 "card":  {
+                      "schema": "2.0",
+                      "config": {
+                          "update_multi": true,
+                          "locales": [
+                              "en_us",
+                              "zh_cn"
+                          ],
+                          "style": {
+                              "text_size": {
+                                  "normal_v2": {
+                                      "default": "normal",
+                                      "pc": "normal",
+                                      "mobile": "heading"
+                                  }
+                              }
+                          }
+                      },
+                      "body": {
+                          "direction": "vertical",
+                          "padding": "12px 12px 12px 12px",
+                          "elements": [
+                              {
+                                  "tag": "markdown",
+                                  "content": "%s",
+                                  "i18n_content": {
+                                      "en_us": ""
+                                  },
+                                  "text_align": "left",
+                                  "text_size": "normal_v2",
+                                  "margin": "0px 0px 0px 0px"
+                              },
+                              {
+                                  "tag": "hr",
+                                  "margin": "0px 0px 0px 0px"
+                              },
+                              {
+                                  "tag": "column_set",
+                                  "horizontal_align": "left",
+                                  "columns": [
+                                      {
+                                          "tag": "column",
+                                          "width": "weighted",
+                                          "elements": [
+                                              {
+                                                  "tag": "button",
+                                                  "text": {
+                                                      "tag": "plain_text",
+                                                      "content": "登入控制台",
+                                                      "i18n_content": {
+                                                          "en_us": "Login In"
+                                                      }
+                                                  },
+                                                  "type": "default",
+                                                  "width": "default",
+                                                  "size": "medium",
+                                                  "behaviors": [
+                                                      {
+                                                          "type": "open_url",
+                                                          "default_url": "%s",
+                                                          "pc_url": "",
+                                                          "ios_url": "",
+                                                          "android_url": ""
+                                                      }
+                                                  ]
+                                              }
+                                          ],
+                                          "direction": "horizontal",
+                                          "vertical_spacing": "8px",
+                                          "horizontal_align": "left",
+                                          "vertical_align": "top",
+                                          "weight": 1
+                                      }
+                                  ],
+                                  "margin": "0px 0px 0px 0px"
+                              }
+                          ]
+                      },
+                      "header": {
+                          "title": {
+                              "tag": "plain_text",
+                              "content": "HertzBeat 告警",
+                              "i18n_content": {
+                                  "en_us": "HertzBeat Alarm"
+                              }
+                          },
+                          "subtitle": {
+                              "tag": "plain_text",
+                              "content": ""
+                          },
+                          "template": "%s",
+                          "padding": "12px 12px 12px 12px"
+                      }
+                  }
                }
-            }
-            """;
+                """;

        String atUserElement = "";
        if (StringUtils.isNotBlank(userId)) {
-            String atUserId = Arrays.stream(userId.split(","))
-                .map(id -> "<at id=" + id + "></at>")
-                .collect(Collectors.joining(" "));
-            atUserElement = String.format("""
-                {
-                    "tag": "div",
-                    "text": {
-                        "content": "%s",
-                        "tag": "lark_md"
-                    }
-                },
-                """, atUserId);
+            atUserElement = "\\n" + Arrays.stream(userId.split(","))
+                    .map(id -> "<at id=" + id + "></at>")
+                    .collect(Collectors.joining(" "));
        }
-        return String.format(larkCardMessage, notificationContent, atUserElement, alerterProperties.getConsoleUrl(), TITLE_COLOR[priority]);
+
+        if (notificationContent.startsWith("\"") && notificationContent.endsWith("\"")) {
+            notificationContent = StringUtils.removeStart(notificationContent, "\"");
+            notificationContent = StringUtils.removeEnd(notificationContent, "\"");
+        }
+
+        return String.format(larkCardMessage,
+                notificationContent.replace("\"", "\\\"") + atUserElement,
+                alerterProperties.getConsoleUrl(), TITLE_COLOR[priority]);
    }

    @Override
@@ -18,12 +18,15 @@
 package org.apache.hertzbeat.alert.service;

 import jakarta.servlet.http.HttpServletResponse;
-import java.util.List;
-import java.util.Set;
 import org.apache.hertzbeat.common.entity.alerter.AlertDefine;
+import org.apache.hertzbeat.common.support.exception.AlertExpressionException;
 import org.springframework.data.domain.Page;
 import org.springframework.web.multipart.MultipartFile;

+import java.util.List;
+import java.util.Map;
+import java.util.Set;
+
 /**
 * Alarm define manager service
 */
@@ -107,5 +110,11 @@ public interface AlertDefineService {
     * @return Real-time alarm definition list
     */
    List<AlertDefine> getRealTimeAlertDefines();
-    
+
+    /**
+     * Get define preview
+     * @return Data queried based on expressions
+     * @throws AlertExpressionException expression error
+     */
+    List<Map<String, Object>> getDefinePreview(String datasource, String type, String expr);
 }
@@ -28,6 +28,9 @@ import org.apache.hertzbeat.alert.dto.ExportAlertDefineDTO;
 import org.apache.hertzbeat.alert.service.AlertDefineImExportService;
 import org.apache.hertzbeat.alert.service.AlertDefineService;
 import org.apache.hertzbeat.common.entity.alerter.AlertDefine;
+import org.apache.hertzbeat.common.util.LogUtil;
+import org.slf4j.Logger;
+import org.slf4j.LoggerFactory;
 import org.springframework.beans.BeanUtils;
 import org.springframework.context.annotation.Lazy;
 import org.springframework.util.CollectionUtils;
@@ -41,12 +44,15 @@ public abstract class AlertDefineAbstractImExportServiceImpl implements AlertDef
    @Lazy
    private AlertDefineService alertDefineService;

+    private static final Logger logger = LoggerFactory.getLogger(AlertDefineAbstractImExportServiceImpl.class);
+
    @Override
    public void importConfig(InputStream is) {
        var formList = parseImport(is)
                .stream()
                .map(this::convert)
                .toList();
+        LogUtil.info(logger, "Importing alert defines from {0}", formList);
        if (!CollectionUtils.isEmpty(formList)) {
            formList.forEach(alertDefine -> {
                alertDefineService.validate(alertDefine, false);
@@ -17,7 +17,6 @@

 package org.apache.hertzbeat.alert.service.impl;

-import static org.apache.hertzbeat.common.constants.CommonConstants.ALERT_THRESHOLD_TYPE_REALTIME;
 import com.fasterxml.jackson.core.JsonProcessingException;
 import com.fasterxml.jackson.core.type.TypeReference;
 import com.fasterxml.jackson.databind.ObjectMapper;
@@ -29,7 +28,9 @@ import org.apache.hertzbeat.alert.calculate.PeriodicAlertRuleScheduler;
 import org.apache.hertzbeat.alert.dao.AlertDefineDao;
 import org.apache.hertzbeat.alert.service.AlertDefineImExportService;
 import org.apache.hertzbeat.alert.service.AlertDefineService;
+import org.apache.hertzbeat.alert.service.DataSourceService;
 import org.apache.hertzbeat.common.cache.CacheFactory;
+import org.apache.hertzbeat.common.constants.CommonConstants;
 import org.apache.hertzbeat.common.constants.ExportFileConstants;
 import org.apache.hertzbeat.common.constants.SignConstants;
 import org.apache.hertzbeat.common.entity.alerter.AlertDefine;
@@ -72,18 +73,21 @@ public class AlertDefineServiceImpl implements AlertDefineService {
    @Autowired
    private PeriodicAlertRuleScheduler periodicAlertRuleScheduler;

+    private final DataSourceService dataSourceService;
+
    private final Map<String, AlertDefineImExportService> alertDefineImExportServiceMap = new HashMap<>();

    private static final String CONTENT_TYPE = MediaType.APPLICATION_OCTET_STREAM_VALUE + SignConstants.SINGLE_MARK + "charset=" + StandardCharsets.UTF_8;

-    public AlertDefineServiceImpl(List<AlertDefineImExportService> alertDefineImExportServiceList) {
+    public AlertDefineServiceImpl(List<AlertDefineImExportService> alertDefineImExportServiceList, DataSourceService dataSourceService) {
        alertDefineImExportServiceList.forEach(it -> alertDefineImExportServiceMap.put(it.type(), it));
+        this.dataSourceService = dataSourceService;
    }

    @Override
    public void validate(AlertDefine alertDefine, boolean isModify) throws IllegalArgumentException {
        if (StringUtils.hasText(alertDefine.getExpr())) {
-            if (ALERT_THRESHOLD_TYPE_REALTIME.equals(alertDefine.getType())) {
+            if (CommonConstants.ALERT_THRESHOLD_TYPE_REALTIME.equals(alertDefine.getType())) {
                try {
                    JexlExpressionRunner.compile(alertDefine.getExpr());
                } catch (Exception e) {
@@ -213,9 +217,23 @@ public class AlertDefineServiceImpl implements AlertDefineService {
    public List<AlertDefine> getRealTimeAlertDefines() {
        List<AlertDefine> alertDefines = CacheFactory.getAlertDefineCache();
        if (alertDefines == null) {
-            alertDefines = alertDefineDao.findAlertDefinesByTypeAndEnableTrue(ALERT_THRESHOLD_TYPE_REALTIME);
+            alertDefines = alertDefineDao.findAlertDefinesByTypeAndEnableTrue(CommonConstants.ALERT_THRESHOLD_TYPE_REALTIME);
            CacheFactory.setAlertDefineCache(alertDefines);
        }
        return alertDefines;
    }
+
+    @Override
+    public List<Map<String, Object>> getDefinePreview(String datasource, String type, String expr) {
+        if (!StringUtils.hasText(expr) || !StringUtils.hasText(datasource) || !StringUtils.hasText(type)) {
+            return Collections.emptyList();
+        }
+        switch (type) {
+            case CommonConstants.ALERT_THRESHOLD_TYPE_PERIODIC:
+                return dataSourceService.calculate(datasource, expr);
+            default:
+                log.error("Get define preview unsupported type: {}", type);
+                return Collections.emptyList();
+        }
+    }
 }
@@ -27,11 +27,14 @@ import org.apache.hertzbeat.common.entity.alerter.NoticeReceiver;
 import org.apache.hertzbeat.common.entity.alerter.NoticeTemplate;
 import org.apache.hertzbeat.common.support.exception.SendMessageException;
 import org.apache.hertzbeat.common.util.JsonUtil;
+import org.apache.hertzbeat.common.util.LogUtil;
 import org.apache.http.client.methods.CloseableHttpResponse;
 import org.apache.http.client.methods.HttpPost;
 import org.apache.http.impl.client.CloseableHttpClient;
 import org.apache.http.impl.client.HttpClients;
 import org.apache.http.util.EntityUtils;
+import org.slf4j.Logger;
+import org.slf4j.LoggerFactory;

 import java.nio.charset.StandardCharsets;
 import java.text.SimpleDateFormat;
@@ -62,6 +65,7 @@ public class AlibabaSmsClientImpl implements SmsClient {
    private final String accessKeySecret;
    private final String signName;
    private final String templateCode;
+    private static final Logger logger = LoggerFactory.getLogger(AlibabaSmsClientImpl.class);

    public AlibabaSmsClientImpl(AlibabaSmsProperties config) {
        if (config != null) {
@@ -173,7 +177,7 @@ public class AlibabaSmsClientImpl implements SmsClient {
                log.info("Successfully sent SMS to phone: {}", phoneNumber);
            }
        } catch (Exception e) {
-            log.warn("Failed to send SMS: {}", e.getMessage());
+            LogUtil.warn(logger, "Failed to send SMS: {0}", e.getMessage());
            throw new SendMessageException(e.getMessage());
        }
    }
@@ -192,6 +196,7 @@ public class AlibabaSmsClientImpl implements SmsClient {
            // Step 4: Build authorization header
            return ALGORITHM + " Credential=" + accessKeyId + ",SignedHeaders=host;x-acs-action;x-acs-content-sha256;x-acs-date;" + "x-acs-signature-nonce;x-acs-version,Signature=" + signature;
        } catch (Exception e) {
+            LogUtil.warn(logger, "Failed to calculate authorization {0}", e.getMessage());
            throw new RuntimeException("Failed to calculate authorization", e);
        }
    }
@@ -24,11 +24,14 @@ import lombok.Setter;
 import lombok.extern.slf4j.Slf4j;
 import org.antlr.v4.runtime.CharStreams;
 import org.antlr.v4.runtime.CommonTokenStream;
+import org.antlr.v4.runtime.Token;
 import org.antlr.v4.runtime.tree.ParseTree;
 import org.apache.hertzbeat.alert.expr.AlertExpressionEvalVisitor;
 import org.apache.hertzbeat.alert.expr.AlertExpressionLexer;
 import org.apache.hertzbeat.alert.expr.AlertExpressionParser;
 import org.apache.hertzbeat.alert.service.DataSourceService;
+import org.apache.hertzbeat.common.support.exception.AlertExpressionException;
+import org.apache.hertzbeat.common.util.ResourceBundleUtil;
 import org.apache.hertzbeat.warehouse.db.QueryExecutor;
 import org.springframework.beans.factory.annotation.Autowired;
 import org.springframework.stereotype.Service;
@@ -36,6 +39,7 @@ import org.springframework.util.StringUtils;

 import java.util.List;
 import java.util.Map;
+import java.util.ResourceBundle;
 import java.util.concurrent.TimeUnit;

 /**
@@ -45,6 +49,8 @@ import java.util.concurrent.TimeUnit;
@Slf4j
 public class DataSourceServiceImpl implements DataSourceService {

+    protected ResourceBundle bundle = ResourceBundleUtil.getBundle("alerter");
+
    @Setter
    @Autowired(required = false)
    private List<QueryExecutor> executors;
@@ -69,7 +75,7 @@ public class DataSourceServiceImpl implements DataSourceService {
            throw new IllegalArgumentException("Empty expression");
        }
        if (executors == null || executors.isEmpty()) {
-            throw new IllegalArgumentException("No query executor found");
+            throw new IllegalArgumentException(bundle.getString("alerter.datasource.executor.not.found"));
        }
        QueryExecutor executor = executors.stream().filter(e -> e.support(datasource)).findFirst().orElse(null);

@@ -80,6 +86,9 @@ public class DataSourceServiceImpl implements DataSourceService {
        expr = expr.replaceAll("\\s+", " ");
        try {
            return evaluate(expr, executor);
+        } catch (AlertExpressionException ae) {
+            log.error("Calculate query parse error {}: {}", datasource, ae.getMessage());
+            throw ae;
        } catch (Exception e) {
            log.error("Error executing query on datasource {}: {}", datasource, e.getMessage());
            throw new RuntimeException("Query execution failed", e);
@@ -90,9 +99,11 @@ public class DataSourceServiceImpl implements DataSourceService {
        CommonTokenStream tokens = tokenStreamCache.get(expr, this::createTokenStream);
        AlertExpressionParser parser = new AlertExpressionParser(tokens);
        ParseTree tree = expressionCache.get(expr, e -> parser.expr());
+        if (null != tokens && tokens.LA(1) != Token.EOF) {
+            throw new AlertExpressionException(bundle.getString("alerter.calculate.parse.error"));
+        }
        AlertExpressionEvalVisitor visitor = new AlertExpressionEvalVisitor(executor, tokens);
        return visitor.visit(tree);
-
    }

    private CommonTokenStream createTokenStream(String expr) {
@@ -32,3 +32,5 @@ alerter.notify.console = Console Login
 alerter.priority.0 = Emergency Alert
 alerter.priority.1 = Critical Alert
 alerter.priority.2 = Warning Alert
+alerter.calculate.parse.error = Expression is not fully parsed, may have syntax errors or incomplete inputs
+alerter.datasource.executor.not.found = No query executor found
@@ -32,3 +32,5 @@ alerter.notify.console = 登入控制台
 alerter.priority.0 = 紧急告警
 alerter.priority.1 = 严重告警
 alerter.priority.2 = 警告告警
+alerter.calculate.parse.error = 表达式未完全解析，可能存在语法错误或输入不完整
+alerter.datasource.executor.not.found = 未找到查询执行器
@@ -32,3 +32,5 @@ alerter.notify.console = 控制台登錄
 alerter.priority.0 = 緊急警報
 alerter.priority.1 = 嚴重警報
 alerter.priority.2 = 警告警報
+alerter.calculate.parse.error = 表達式未完全解析，可能存在語法錯誤或輸入不完整
+alerter.datasource.executor.not.found = 未找到查詢執行器
@@ -23,7 +23,7 @@ expression

 expr
    : LPAREN expr RPAREN                                          # ParenExpr
-    | left=expr op=(GE|LE|GT|LT|EQ|NE) right=expr                 # ComparisonExpr
+    | left=expr op=(GE|LE|GT|LT|EQ|NE) BOOL? right=expr          # ComparisonExpr
    | left=expr AND right=expr                                    # AndExpr
    | left=expr UNLESS right=expr                                 # UnlessExpr
    | left=expr OR right=expr                                     # OrExpr
@@ -156,7 +156,6 @@ conditionUnit
 promql
    : metricSelector instantVectorOp?
    | aggregationOperator LPAREN promql (BY labelList)? RPAREN
-    | promql binaryOperator promql
    | functionCall
    | promql LBRACKET duration RBRACKET
    | promql LBRACKET duration COLON duration RBRACKET
@@ -192,11 +191,6 @@ aggregationOperator
    : SUM | AVG | COUNT | MIN | MAX | STDDEV | STDVAR | TOPK | BOTTOMK | QUANTILE
    ;

-binaryOperator
-    : EQ | NE | GT | LT | GE | LE
-    | AND | OR | UNLESS
-    ;
-
 // Lexer rules

 // Boolean operators
@@ -260,6 +254,7 @@ LT      : '<' ;
 LE      : '<=' ;
 EQ      : '==' | '=' ;
 NE      : '!=' ;
+BOOL    : 'bool';

 // Delimiters
 LPAREN  : '(' ;
@@ -0,0 +1,135 @@
+/*
+ * Licensed to the Apache Software Foundation (ASF) under one or more
+ * contributor license agreements.  See the NOTICE file distributed with
+ * this work for additional information regarding copyright ownership.
+ * The ASF licenses this file to You under the Apache License, Version 2.0
+ * (the "License"); you may not use this file except in compliance with
+ * the License.  You may obtain a copy of the License at
+ *
+ *     http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+ *
+ * Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+ * distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+ * WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+ * See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+ * limitations under the License.
+ */
+
+package org.apache.hertzbeat.alert.calculate;
+
+import org.apache.hertzbeat.alert.dao.SingleAlertDao;
+import org.apache.hertzbeat.alert.util.AlertUtil;
+import org.apache.hertzbeat.common.constants.CommonConstants;
+import org.apache.hertzbeat.common.entity.alerter.SingleAlert;
+import org.junit.jupiter.api.BeforeEach;
+import org.junit.jupiter.api.Test;
+import org.junit.jupiter.api.extension.ExtendWith;
+import org.mockito.Mock;
+import org.mockito.junit.jupiter.MockitoExtension;
+
+import java.util.Collections;
+import java.util.HashMap;
+import java.util.Map;
+
+import static org.junit.jupiter.api.Assertions.assertEquals;
+import static org.junit.jupiter.api.Assertions.assertNotNull;
+import static org.junit.jupiter.api.Assertions.assertNull;
+import static org.mockito.Mockito.when;
+
+/**
+ * alert cache manager test
+ */
+@ExtendWith(MockitoExtension.class)
+public class AlarmCacheManagerTest {
+
+    @Mock
+    private SingleAlertDao singleAlertDao;
+
+    private AlarmCacheManager alarmCacheManager;
+
+    @BeforeEach
+    public void setUp() {
+        Map<String, String> labels = new HashMap<>();
+        labels.put(CommonConstants.LABEL_ALERT_SEVERITY, CommonConstants.ALERT_SEVERITY_CRITICAL);
+        labels.put(CommonConstants.LABEL_DEFINE_ID, String.valueOf(1L));
+        SingleAlert alert = new SingleAlert();
+        alert.setContent("Alert cache manager test");
+        alert.setLabels(labels);
+        when(singleAlertDao.querySingleAlertsByStatus(CommonConstants.ALERT_STATUS_FIRING)).thenReturn(Collections.singletonList(alert));
+        alarmCacheManager = new AlarmCacheManager(singleAlertDao);
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    void testInit() {
+        Map<String, String> labels = new HashMap<>();
+        labels.put(CommonConstants.LABEL_ALERT_SEVERITY, CommonConstants.ALERT_SEVERITY_CRITICAL);
+        labels.put(CommonConstants.LABEL_DEFINE_ID, String.valueOf(1L));
+
+        String fingerprint = AlertUtil.calculateFingerprint(labels);
+        SingleAlert firingSingleAlert = alarmCacheManager.getFiring(1L, fingerprint);
+        assertNotNull(firingSingleAlert);
+        assertEquals("Alert cache manager test", firingSingleAlert.getContent());
+        alarmCacheManager.removeFiring(1L, fingerprint);
+        firingSingleAlert = alarmCacheManager.getFiring(1L, fingerprint);
+        assertNull(firingSingleAlert);
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    void testPending() {
+        Map<String, String> labels = new HashMap<>();
+        labels.put(CommonConstants.LABEL_ALERT_SEVERITY, CommonConstants.ALERT_SEVERITY_CRITICAL);
+        labels.put(CommonConstants.ALERT_SEVERITY_INFO, CommonConstants.ALERT_STATUS_PENDING);
+        labels.put(CommonConstants.LABEL_DEFINE_ID, String.valueOf(2L));
+
+        SingleAlert alert = new SingleAlert();
+        alert.setContent("Alert cache manager test");
+        alert.setLabels(labels);
+
+        String fingerprint = AlertUtil.calculateFingerprint(alert.getLabels());
+        alarmCacheManager.putPending(2L, fingerprint, alert);
+
+        SingleAlert pendingSingleAlert = alarmCacheManager.getPending(2L, fingerprint);
+        assertNotNull(pendingSingleAlert);
+        alarmCacheManager.removePending(2L, fingerprint);
+        pendingSingleAlert = alarmCacheManager.getPending(2L, fingerprint);
+        assertNull(pendingSingleAlert);
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    void testFiring() {
+        Map<String, String> labels = new HashMap<>();
+        labels.put(CommonConstants.LABEL_ALERT_SEVERITY, CommonConstants.ALERT_SEVERITY_CRITICAL);
+        labels.put(CommonConstants.ALERT_SEVERITY_INFO, CommonConstants.ALERT_STATUS_PENDING);
+        labels.put(CommonConstants.LABEL_DEFINE_ID, String.valueOf(3L));
+
+        SingleAlert alert = new SingleAlert();
+        alert.setContent("Alert cache manager test");
+        alert.setLabels(labels);
+
+        String fingerprint = AlertUtil.calculateFingerprint(alert.getLabels());
+        alarmCacheManager.putFiring(3L, fingerprint, alert);
+
+        SingleAlert firingSingleAlert = alarmCacheManager.getFiring(3L, fingerprint);
+        assertNotNull(firingSingleAlert);
+        alarmCacheManager.removeFiring(3L, fingerprint);
+        firingSingleAlert = alarmCacheManager.getFiring(3L, fingerprint);
+        assertNull(firingSingleAlert);
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    void testHistorical() {
+        SingleAlert alert = new SingleAlert();
+        alert.setContent("Alert cache manager test");
+        alert.setLabels(Collections.singletonMap(CommonConstants.LABEL_ALERT_SEVERITY, CommonConstants.ALERT_SEVERITY_CRITICAL));
+        when(singleAlertDao.querySingleAlertsByStatus(CommonConstants.ALERT_STATUS_FIRING)).thenReturn(Collections.singletonList(alert));
+        alarmCacheManager = new AlarmCacheManager(singleAlertDao);
+
+        String fingerprint = AlertUtil.calculateFingerprint(alert.getLabels());
+        SingleAlert historicalSingleAlert = alarmCacheManager.getFiring(4L, fingerprint);
+        assertNotNull(historicalSingleAlert);
+        SingleAlert singleAlert = alarmCacheManager.removeFiring(4L, fingerprint);
+        assertNotNull(singleAlert);
+        historicalSingleAlert = alarmCacheManager.getFiring(4L, fingerprint);
+        assertNull(historicalSingleAlert);
+    }
+}
@@ -0,0 +1,147 @@
+/*
+ * Licensed to the Apache Software Foundation (ASF) under one or more
+ * contributor license agreements.  See the NOTICE file distributed with
+ * this work for additional information regarding copyright ownership.
+ * The ASF licenses this file to You under the Apache License, Version 2.0
+ * (the "License"); you may not use this file except in compliance with
+ * the License.  You may obtain a copy of the License at
+ *
+ *     http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+ *
+ * Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+ * distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+ * WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+ * See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+ * limitations under the License.
+ */
+
+package org.apache.hertzbeat.alert.calculate;
+
+import org.apache.hertzbeat.alert.dao.AlertCollectorDao;
+import org.apache.hertzbeat.alert.dao.SingleAlertDao;
+import org.apache.hertzbeat.alert.reduce.AlarmCommonReduce;
+import org.apache.hertzbeat.alert.util.AlertUtil;
+import org.apache.hertzbeat.common.constants.CommonConstants;
+import org.apache.hertzbeat.common.entity.alerter.SingleAlert;
+import org.apache.hertzbeat.common.entity.manager.Collector;
+import org.junit.jupiter.api.BeforeEach;
+import org.junit.jupiter.api.Test;
+import org.junit.jupiter.api.extension.ExtendWith;
+import org.mockito.ArgumentCaptor;
+import org.mockito.Mock;
+import org.mockito.Mockito;
+import org.mockito.junit.jupiter.MockitoExtension;
+
+import java.util.HashMap;
+import java.util.List;
+import java.util.Map;
+
+import static org.junit.jupiter.api.Assertions.assertEquals;
+import static org.junit.jupiter.api.Assertions.assertNotNull;
+import static org.junit.jupiter.api.Assertions.assertNull;
+import static org.mockito.ArgumentMatchers.any;
+import static org.mockito.Mockito.atLeast;
+import static org.mockito.Mockito.times;
+import static org.mockito.Mockito.verify;
+import static org.mockito.Mockito.when;
+
+/**
+ * Collector alert handler test
+ */
+@ExtendWith(MockitoExtension.class)
+public class CollectorAlertHandlerTest {
+
+    @Mock
+    private AlertCollectorDao alertCollectorDao;
+
+    @Mock
+    private SingleAlertDao singleAlertDao;
+
+    @Mock
+    private AlarmCommonReduce alarmCommonReduce;
+
+    private AlarmCacheManager alarmCacheManager;
+
+    private CollectorAlertHandler collectorAlertHandler;
+
+    @BeforeEach
+    void setUp() {
+        alarmCacheManager = Mockito.spy(new AlarmCacheManager(singleAlertDao));
+        collectorAlertHandler = new CollectorAlertHandler(alarmCommonReduce, alertCollectorDao, alarmCacheManager);
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testOnline() {
+        String identity = "localhost-collector";
+        Collector collector = Collector.builder()
+                .name(identity)
+                .ip("127.0.0.1")
+                .version("1.0")
+                .build();
+        SingleAlert singleAlert = SingleAlert.builder().build();
+
+        when(alertCollectorDao.findCollectorByName(any(String.class))).thenReturn(collector);
+        when(alarmCacheManager.removeFiring(any(String.class))).thenReturn(singleAlert);
+
+        collectorAlertHandler.online(identity);
+
+        assertEquals(CommonConstants.ALERT_STATUS_RESOLVED, singleAlert.getStatus());
+        verify(alarmCommonReduce, times(1)).reduceAndSendAlarm(any(SingleAlert.class));
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testOffline() {
+        String identity = "localhost-collector";
+        Collector collector = Collector.builder()
+                .name(identity)
+                .ip("127.0.0.1")
+                .version("1.0")
+                .build();
+
+        when(alertCollectorDao.findCollectorByName(any(String.class))).thenReturn(collector);
+        when(alarmCacheManager.getFiring(any(String.class))).thenReturn(null);
+
+        collectorAlertHandler.offline(identity);
+
+        verify(alarmCacheManager, times(1)).putFiring(any(String.class), any(SingleAlert.class));
+        verify(alarmCommonReduce, times(1)).reduceAndSendAlarm(any(SingleAlert.class));
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    void testOfflineAndOnlineLifecycle() {
+        String identity = "localhost-collector";
+        Collector collector = Collector.builder()
+                .name(identity)
+                .ip("127.0.0.1")
+                .version("1.0")
+                .build();
+
+        Map<String, String> fingerPrints = new HashMap<>(8);
+        fingerPrints.put("collectorName", collector.getName());
+        fingerPrints.put("collectorVersion", collector.getVersion());
+        fingerPrints.put("collectorHost", collector.getIp());
+        String fingerprint = AlertUtil.calculateFingerprint(fingerPrints);
+
+        when(alertCollectorDao.findCollectorByName(identity)).thenReturn(collector);
+
+        // step1. first time offline
+        collectorAlertHandler.offline(identity);
+        assertNotNull(alarmCacheManager.getFiring(fingerprint));
+
+        // step2. online
+        collectorAlertHandler.online(identity);
+        assertNull(alarmCacheManager.getFiring(fingerprint));
+
+        // step3. second time offline
+        collectorAlertHandler.offline(identity);
+        assertNotNull(alarmCacheManager.getFiring(fingerprint));
+
+        // Verify that the push status is correct.
+        ArgumentCaptor<SingleAlert> captor = ArgumentCaptor.forClass(SingleAlert.class);
+        verify(alarmCommonReduce, atLeast(3)).reduceAndSendAlarm(captor.capture());
+        List<SingleAlert> alerts = captor.getAllValues();
+        assertEquals(CommonConstants.ALERT_STATUS_FIRING, alerts.get(0).getStatus());
+        assertEquals(CommonConstants.ALERT_STATUS_RESOLVED, alerts.get(1).getStatus());
+        assertEquals(CommonConstants.ALERT_STATUS_FIRING, alerts.get(2).getStatus());
+    }
+}
@@ -42,6 +42,7 @@ import static org.junit.jupiter.api.Assertions.assertNotNull;
 import static org.junit.jupiter.api.Assertions.assertTrue;
 import static org.mockito.ArgumentMatchers.any;
 import static org.mockito.ArgumentMatchers.anyString;
+import static org.mockito.ArgumentMatchers.eq;
 import static org.mockito.Mockito.reset;
 import static org.mockito.Mockito.times;
 import static org.mockito.Mockito.verify;
@@ -92,12 +93,12 @@ class PeriodicAlertCalculatorTest {
        result.put("__value__", 95.0); // Non-null, matched with threshold
        result.put("__timestamp__", System.currentTimeMillis());
        when(dataSourceService.calculate(anyString(), anyString())).thenReturn(List.of(result));
-        when(alarmCacheManager.getPending(anyString())).thenReturn(null);
+        when(alarmCacheManager.getPending(eq(rule.getId()), anyString())).thenReturn(null);
        periodicAlertCalculator.calculate(rule);
        // Verify that putFiring is called
        ArgumentCaptor<String> idCaptor = ArgumentCaptor.forClass(String.class);
        ArgumentCaptor<SingleAlert> alertCaptor = ArgumentCaptor.forClass(SingleAlert.class);
-        verify(alarmCacheManager).putFiring(idCaptor.capture(), alertCaptor.capture());
+        verify(alarmCacheManager).putFiring(eq(rule.getId()), idCaptor.capture(), alertCaptor.capture());
        // Assertion alarm status and content
        SingleAlert alert = alertCaptor.getValue();
        assertAll(() -> assertEquals(CommonConstants.ALERT_STATUS_FIRING, alert.getStatus()),
@@ -112,7 +113,7 @@ class PeriodicAlertCalculatorTest {
        result.put("__timestamp__", System.currentTimeMillis());
        when(dataSourceService.calculate(anyString(), anyString())).thenReturn(List.of(result));
        periodicAlertCalculator.calculate(rule);
-        verify(alarmCacheManager, times(0)).putFiring(any(), any());
+        verify(alarmCacheManager, times(0)).putFiring(any(), any(), any());
    }

    @Test
@@ -126,7 +127,7 @@ class PeriodicAlertCalculatorTest {
                .triggerTimes(2).startAt(System.currentTimeMillis() - 60000)
                .activeAt(System.currentTimeMillis() - 30000)
                .build();
-        when(alarmCacheManager.removeFiring(anyString())).thenReturn(pendingAlert);
+        when(alarmCacheManager.removeFiring(eq(rule.getId()), anyString())).thenReturn(pendingAlert);
        when(dataSourceService.calculate(anyString(), anyString())).thenReturn(List.of(result));
        periodicAlertCalculator.calculate(rule);
        ArgumentCaptor<SingleAlert> resolvedCaptor = ArgumentCaptor.forClass(SingleAlert.class);
@@ -132,6 +132,7 @@ public class RealTimeAlertCalculatorMatchTest {


        AlertDefine matchDefine = new AlertDefine();
+        matchDefine.setId(1L);
        matchDefine.setName("test");
        matchDefine.setExpr(
            "equals(__app__,\"prometheus\") && "
@@ -151,8 +152,8 @@ public class RealTimeAlertCalculatorMatchTest {

        Thread.sleep(3000);

-        verify(alarmCacheManager, times(1)).getPending(any());
-        verify(alarmCacheManager, times(1)).putFiring(any(), any());
+        verify(alarmCacheManager, times(1)).getPending(any(), any());
+        verify(alarmCacheManager, times(1)).putFiring(any(), any(), any());
        verify(alarmCommonReduce, times(1)).reduceAndSendAlarm(any());
    }

@@ -180,6 +181,7 @@ public class RealTimeAlertCalculatorMatchTest {
        CollectRep.MetricsData metricsData = builder.build();

        AlertDefine matchDefine = new AlertDefine();
+        matchDefine.setId(1L);
        matchDefine.setName("test");
        matchDefine.setExpr("equals(__app__,\"prometheus\") && equals(__metrics__,\"canal_instance\") && metric_value > 0");
        matchDefine.setTemplate("Canal instance val: ${value}%");
@@ -194,8 +196,8 @@ public class RealTimeAlertCalculatorMatchTest {

        Thread.sleep(3000);

-        verify(alarmCacheManager, times(1)).getPending(any());
-        verify(alarmCacheManager, times(1)).putFiring(any(), any());
+        verify(alarmCacheManager, times(1)).getPending(any(), any());
+        verify(alarmCacheManager, times(1)).putFiring(any(), any(), any());
        verify(alarmCommonReduce, times(1)).reduceAndSendAlarm(any());
    }

@@ -229,6 +231,7 @@ public class RealTimeAlertCalculatorMatchTest {
        CollectRep.MetricsData metricsData = builder.build();

        AlertDefine matchDefine = new AlertDefine();
+        matchDefine.setId(1L);
        matchDefine.setName("test");
        matchDefine.setExpr("equals(__app__,\"springboot3\") && equals(__metrics__,\"available\") && equals(__instance__, \"518679137103104\") && responseTime > 0");
        matchDefine.setTemplate("Canal instance val: ${value}%");
@@ -243,8 +246,8 @@ public class RealTimeAlertCalculatorMatchTest {

        Thread.sleep(3000);

-        verify(alarmCacheManager, times(1)).getPending(any());
-        verify(alarmCacheManager, times(1)).putFiring(any(), any());
+        verify(alarmCacheManager, times(1)).getPending(any(), any());
+        verify(alarmCacheManager, times(1)).putFiring(any(), any(), any());
        verify(alarmCommonReduce, times(1)).reduceAndSendAlarm(any());
    }

@@ -17,15 +17,22 @@

 package org.apache.hertzbeat.alert.controller;

+import static org.mockito.ArgumentMatchers.anyString;
 import static org.springframework.test.web.servlet.result.MockMvcResultMatchers.jsonPath;
 import static org.springframework.test.web.servlet.result.MockMvcResultMatchers.status;
+
+import java.util.ArrayList;
 import java.util.Collections;
+import java.util.HashMap;
 import java.util.List;
+import java.util.Map;
+
 import org.apache.hertzbeat.alert.service.impl.AlertDefineServiceImpl;
 import org.apache.hertzbeat.common.constants.CommonConstants;
 import org.apache.hertzbeat.common.entity.alerter.AlertDefine;
 import org.apache.hertzbeat.common.entity.alerter.AlertDefineMonitorBind;
 import org.apache.hertzbeat.common.entity.manager.Monitor;
+import org.apache.hertzbeat.common.support.exception.AlertExpressionException;
 import org.apache.hertzbeat.common.util.JsonUtil;
 import org.junit.jupiter.api.BeforeEach;
 import org.junit.jupiter.api.Test;
@@ -100,6 +107,37 @@ class AlertDefineControllerTest {
                .andReturn();
    }

+    @Test
+    void testGetDefinePreview() throws Exception {
+        List<Map<String, Object>> previewData = new ArrayList<>();
+        Map<String, Object> row = new HashMap<>();
+        row.put("__value__", 123);
+        row.put("job", "spring-boot");
+        previewData.add(row);
+
+        Mockito.when(alertDefineService.getDefinePreview(anyString(), anyString(), anyString()))
+                .thenReturn(previewData);
+
+        mockMvc.perform(MockMvcRequestBuilders.get("/api/alert/define/preview/{datasource}", "promql")
+                        .param("type", "periodic")
+                        .param("expr", "up == 1"))
+                .andExpect(status().isOk())
+                .andExpect(jsonPath("$.code").value(0))
+                .andExpect(jsonPath("$.data[0].__value__").value(123))
+                .andExpect(jsonPath("$.data[0].job").value("spring-boot"));
+
+        Mockito.when(alertDefineService.getDefinePreview(anyString(), anyString(), anyString()))
+                .thenThrow(new AlertExpressionException("Expression error"));
+
+        mockMvc.perform(MockMvcRequestBuilders.get("/api/alert/define/preview/{datasource}", "promql")
+                        .param("type", "periodic")
+                        .param("expr", "http_server_requests_seconds_count{!@~!!#$%^&}"))
+                .andExpect(status().isBadRequest())
+                .andExpect(jsonPath("$.code").exists())
+                .andExpect(jsonPath("$.msg").value("Expression error"));
+
+    }
+
    @Test
    void modifyAlertDefine() throws Exception {
        mockMvc.perform(MockMvcRequestBuilders.put("/api/alert/define")
@@ -24,12 +24,14 @@ import org.junit.jupiter.api.BeforeEach;
 import org.junit.jupiter.api.Test;
 import org.mockito.Mockito;

+import java.util.ArrayList;
 import java.util.HashMap;
 import java.util.List;
 import java.util.Map;

 import static org.junit.jupiter.api.Assertions.assertEquals;
 import static org.junit.jupiter.api.Assertions.assertNull;
+import static org.junit.jupiter.api.Assertions.assertTrue;
 import static org.mockito.Mockito.when;

 /**
@@ -179,12 +181,10 @@ class AlertExpressionEvalVisitorTest {
                List.of(new HashMap<>(Map.of("__value__", List.of(10.0, 20.0, 30.0)))));
        // promql
        List<Map<String, Object>> result = evaluate("multi_val > 25");
-        assertEquals(1, result.size());
-        assertEquals(30.0, result.get(0).get("__value__"));
+        assertEquals(0, result.size());
        // sql
        result = evaluate("(select values from multi_metrics where group_id = 'test_group') > 25");
-        assertEquals(1, result.size());
-        assertEquals(30.0, result.get(0).get("__value__"));
+        assertEquals(0, result.size());
    }

    @Test
@@ -194,12 +194,10 @@ class AlertExpressionEvalVisitorTest {
                List.of(new HashMap<>(Map.of("__value__", List.of(10.0, 20.0, 30.0)))));
        // promql
        List<Map<String, Object>> result = evaluate("multi_val < 15");
-        assertEquals(1, result.size());
-        assertEquals(10.0, result.get(0).get("__value__"));
+        assertEquals(0, result.size());
        // sql
        result = evaluate("(select response_times from performance_data where service = 'api') < 15");
-        assertEquals(1, result.size());
-        assertEquals(10.0, result.get(0).get("__value__"));
+        assertEquals(0, result.size());
    }

    @Test
@@ -209,12 +207,10 @@ class AlertExpressionEvalVisitorTest {
                List.of(new HashMap<>(Map.of("__value__", List.of()))));
        // promql
        List<Map<String, Object>> result = evaluate("empty_list > 50");
-        assertEquals(1, result.size());
-        assertNull(result.get(0).get("__value__"));
+        assertEquals(0, result.size());
        // sql
        result = evaluate("(select error_codes from error_log where date = '2024-01-01') > 50");
-        assertEquals(1, result.size());
-        assertNull(result.get(0).get("__value__"));
+        assertEquals(0, result.size());
    }

    @Test
@@ -240,11 +236,187 @@ class AlertExpressionEvalVisitorTest {
        assertEquals(10.0, result.get(0).get("__value__"));
    }

+    @Test
+    void testUnlessOpPromql() {
+        String promql = "http_server_requests_seconds_count > 10 unless http_server_requests_seconds_max > 0";
+
+        Map<String, Object> countValue1 = new HashMap<>() {
+            {
+                put("exception", "none");
+                put("instance", "host.docker.internal:8989");
+                put("__value__", 1307);
+                put("method", "GET");
+                put("__name__", "http_server_requests_seconds_count");
+                put("__timestamp__", "1.750320922467E9");
+                put("error", "none");
+                put("job", "spring-boot-app");
+                put("uri", "/actuator/prometheus");
+                put("outcome", "SUCCESS");
+                put("status", "200");
+            }
+        };
+
+        Map<String, Object> maxValue1 = new HashMap<>() {
+            {
+                put("exception", "none");
+                put("instance", "host.docker.internal:8989");
+                put("__value__", 10.007799125);
+                put("method", "GET");
+                put("__name__", "http_server_requests_seconds_max");
+                put("__timestamp__", "1.750320922467E9");
+                put("error", "none");
+                put("job", "spring-boot-app");
+                put("uri", "/actuator/health");
+                put("outcome", "SUCCESS");
+                put("status", "200");
+            }
+        };
+
+        when(mockExecutor.execute("http_server_requests_seconds_count")).thenReturn(List.of(countValue1));
+        when(mockExecutor.execute("http_server_requests_seconds_max")).thenReturn(List.of(maxValue1));
+        List<Map<String, Object>> result = evaluate(promql);
+        assertEquals(1, result.size());
+        assertEquals(1307, result.get(0).get("__value__"));
+
+        maxValue1.put("uri", "/actuator/prometheus");
+        result = evaluate(promql);
+        assertEquals(0, result.size());
+
+        Map<String, Object> sumValue1 = new HashMap<>() {
+            {
+                put("exception", "none");
+                put("instance", "host.docker.internal:8989");
+                put("__value__", 20.018);
+                put("method", "GET");
+                put("__name__", "http_server_requests_seconds_sum");
+                put("__timestamp__", "1.750320922467E9");
+                put("error", "none");
+                put("job", "spring-boot-app");
+                put("uri", "/**");
+                put("outcome", "SUCCESS");
+                put("status", "200");
+            }
+        };
+
+        maxValue1.put("uri", "/actuator/health");
+        when(mockExecutor.execute("http_server_requests_seconds_sum")).thenReturn(List.of(sumValue1));
+        promql = "(http_server_requests_seconds_count > 10 unless http_server_requests_seconds_max > 0) unless http_server_requests_seconds_sum > 10";
+        result = evaluate(promql);
+        assertEquals(1, result.size());
+        assertEquals(1307, result.get(0).get("__value__"));
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    void testOrOpPromql() {
+        String promql = "http_server_requests_seconds_count > 10 or jvm_threads_states_threads > 0";
+
+        Map<String, Object> countValue1 = new HashMap<>() {
+            {
+                put("exception", "none");
+                put("instance", "host.docker.internal:8989");
+                put("__value__", 1307);
+                put("method", "GET");
+                put("__name__", "http_server_requests_seconds_count");
+                put("__timestamp__", "1.750320922467E9");
+                put("error", "none");
+                put("job", "spring-boot-app");
+                put("uri", "/actuator/prometheus");
+                put("outcome", "SUCCESS");
+                put("status", "200");
+            }
+        };
+
+        Map<String, Object> countValue2 = new HashMap<>() {
+            {
+                put("exception", "none");
+                put("instance", "host.docker.internal:8989");
+                put("__value__", 16);
+                put("method", "GET");
+                put("__name__", "http_server_requests_seconds_count");
+                put("__timestamp__", "1.750320922467E9");
+                put("error", "none");
+                put("job", "spring-boot-app");
+                put("uri", "/**");
+                put("outcome", "SUCCESS");
+                put("status", "200");
+            }
+        };
+
+        Map<String, Object> countValue3 = new HashMap<>() {
+            {
+                put("exception", "none");
+                put("instance", "host.docker.internal:8989");
+                put("__value__", 7);
+                put("method", "GET");
+                put("__name__", "http_server_requests_seconds_count");
+                put("__timestamp__", "1.750320922467E9");
+                put("error", "none");
+                put("job", "spring-boot-app");
+                put("uri", "/actuator/health");
+                put("outcome", "SUCCESS");
+                put("status", "200");
+            }
+        };
+
+        Map<String, Object> threadsValue1 = new HashMap<>() {
+            {
+                put("instance", "host.docker.internal:8989");
+                put("__value__", 10.007799125);
+                put("__name__", "jvm_threads_states_threads");
+                put("__timestamp__", "1.750320922467E9");
+                put("job", "spring-boot-app");
+                put("state=", "runnable");
+            }
+        };
+
+        Map<String, Object> threadsValue2 = new HashMap<>() {
+            {
+                put("instance", "host.docker.internal:8989");
+                put("__value__", 1);
+                put("__name__", "jvm_threads_states_threads");
+                put("__timestamp__", "1.750320922467E9");
+                put("job", "spring-boot-app");
+                put("state=", "timed-waiting");
+            }
+        };
+
+        Map<String, Object> threadsValue3 = new HashMap<>() {
+            {
+                put("instance", "host.docker.internal:8989");
+                put("__value__", 19.02);
+                put("__name__", "jvm_threads_states_threads");
+                put("__timestamp__", "1.750320922467E9");
+                put("job", "spring-boot-app");
+                put("state=", "waiting");
+            }
+        };
+
+        when(mockExecutor.execute("http_server_requests_seconds_count")).thenReturn(List.of(countValue1, countValue2, countValue3));
+        when(mockExecutor.execute("jvm_threads_states_threads")).thenReturn(List.of(threadsValue1, threadsValue2, threadsValue3));
+        List<Map<String, Object>> result = evaluate(promql);
+        assertEquals(5, result.size());
+        assertTrue(result.stream().allMatch(t -> null != t.get("__value__")));
+
+
+        when(mockExecutor.execute("jvm_threads_states_threads")).thenReturn(new ArrayList<>());
+        result = evaluate(promql);
+        assertEquals(2, result.size());
+        assertTrue(result.stream().allMatch(t -> null != t.get("__value__")));
+        assertEquals(1307, result.get(0).get("__value__"));
+
+        when(mockExecutor.execute("http_server_requests_seconds_count")).thenReturn(new ArrayList<>());
+        when(mockExecutor.execute("jvm_threads_states_threads")).thenReturn(List.of(threadsValue1, threadsValue2, threadsValue3));
+        result = evaluate(promql);
+        assertEquals(3, result.size());
+        assertTrue(result.stream().allMatch(t -> null != t.get("__value__")));
+        assertEquals(10.007799125, result.get(0).get("__value__"));
+    }
+
    @Test
    void testMultipleUnlessConditions() {
-        when(mockExecutor.execute("metric1")).thenReturn(List.of(new HashMap<>(Map.of("__value__", 40.0))));
-        when(mockExecutor.execute("metric2")).thenReturn(List.of(new HashMap<>(Map.of("__value__", 50.0))));
-        when(mockExecutor.execute("metric3")).thenReturn(List.of(new HashMap<>(Map.of("__value__", 60.0))));
+        when(mockExecutor.execute("metric1")).thenReturn(List.of(new HashMap<>(Map.of("job", "api", "__value__", 40.0))));
+        when(mockExecutor.execute("metric2")).thenReturn(List.of(new HashMap<>(Map.of("job", "web", "__value__", 50.0))));
+        when(mockExecutor.execute("metric3")).thenReturn(List.of(new HashMap<>(Map.of("job", "api", "__value__", 60.0))));
        when(mockExecutor.execute("select cpu_usage from metrics where service = 'web'")).thenReturn(
                List.of(new HashMap<>(Map.of("__value__", 40.0))));
        when(mockExecutor.execute("select memory_usage from metrics where service = 'db'")).thenReturn(
@@ -252,15 +424,13 @@ class AlertExpressionEvalVisitorTest {
        when(mockExecutor.execute("select disk_usage from metrics where service = 'cache'")).thenReturn(
                List.of(new HashMap<>(Map.of("__value__", 60.0))));
        // promql
-        List<Map<String, Object>> result = evaluate("metric1 > 30 unless metric2 > 45 unless metric3 < 70");
-        assertEquals(1, result.size());
-        assertNull(result.get(0).get("__value__"));
+        List<Map<String, Object>> result = evaluate("(metric1 > 30 unless metric2 > 45) unless metric3 > 50");
+        assertEquals(0, result.size());
        // sql
-        result = evaluate("(select cpu_usage from metrics where service = 'web') > 30"
-                + " unless (select memory_usage from metrics where service = 'db') > 45"
-                + " unless (select disk_usage from metrics where service = 'cache') < 70");
-        assertEquals(1, result.size());
-        assertNull(result.get(0).get("__value__"));
+        result = evaluate("((select cpu_usage from metrics where service = 'web') > 30"
+                + " unless (select memory_usage from metrics where service = 'db') > 55)"
+                + " unless (select disk_usage from metrics where service = 'cache') > 50");
+        assertEquals(0, result.size());
    }

    @Test
@@ -581,6 +751,118 @@ class AlertExpressionEvalVisitorTest {
        assertEquals(16, result.get(1).get("__value__"));
    }

+    @Test
+    void testComparisonExpr() {
+        String promql = "3 > bool 2";
+
+        // scalar and scalar
+        List<Map<String, Object>> result = evaluate(promql);
+        assertEquals(1, result.size());
+        assertEquals(1, result.get(0).get("__value__"));
+
+        // scalar and vector
+        promql = "0 < http_server_requests_seconds_count";
+        Map<String, Object> vector = new HashMap<>() {
+            {
+                put("instance", "host.docker.internal:8989");
+                put("__value__", 1307);
+                put("method", "GET");
+                put("__name__", "http_server_requests_seconds_count");
+                put("__timestamp__", "1.750320922467E9");
+                put("uri", "/actuator/prometheus");
+                put("status", "200");
+            }
+        };
+        when(mockExecutor.execute("http_server_requests_seconds_count")).thenReturn(List.of(vector));
+        result = evaluate(promql);
+        assertEquals(1, result.size());
+        assertEquals(1307, result.get(0).get("__value__"));
+
+        // scalar and vector bool
+        promql = "0 < bool http_server_requests_seconds_count";
+        // true
+        result = evaluate(promql);
+        assertEquals(1, result.size());
+        assertEquals(1, result.get(0).get("__value__"));
+
+        // false
+        vector.put("__value__", -1);
+        result = evaluate(promql);
+        assertEquals(1, result.size());
+        assertEquals(0, result.get(0).get("__value__"));
+
+        // vector and scalar
+        promql = "http_server_requests_seconds_sum > 0";
+        vector = new HashMap<>() {
+            {
+                put("instance", "host.docker.internal:8989");
+                put("__value__", 13);
+                put("method", "GET");
+                put("__name__", "http_server_requests_seconds_count");
+                put("__timestamp__", "1.750320922467E9");
+                put("uri", "/actuator/prometheus");
+                put("status", "200");
+            }
+        };
+        when(mockExecutor.execute("http_server_requests_seconds_sum")).thenReturn(List.of(vector));
+        result = evaluate(promql);
+        assertEquals(1, result.size());
+        assertEquals(13, result.get(0).get("__value__"));
+
+        // vector and scalar bool
+        promql = "http_server_requests_seconds_sum > bool 0";
+        // true
+        result = evaluate(promql);
+        assertEquals(1, result.size());
+        assertEquals(1, result.get(0).get("__value__"));
+        // false
+        vector.put("__value__", -1);
+        result = evaluate(promql);
+        assertEquals(1, result.size());
+        assertEquals(0, result.get(0).get("__value__"));
+
+        // vector and vector
+        promql = "http_server_requests_seconds_count > http_server_requests_seconds_sum";
+        Map<String, Object> vectorCount = new HashMap<>() {
+            {
+                put("instance", "host.docker.internal:8989");
+                put("__value__", 13);
+                put("method", "GET");
+                put("__name__", "http_server_requests_seconds_count");
+                put("__timestamp__", "1.750320922467E9");
+                put("uri", "/actuator/prometheus");
+                put("status", "200");
+            }
+        };
+        Map<String, Object> vectorSum = new HashMap<>() {
+            {
+                put("instance", "host.docker.internal:8989");
+                put("__value__", 10);
+                put("method", "GET");
+                put("__name__", "http_server_requests_seconds_count");
+                put("__timestamp__", "1.750320922467E9");
+                put("uri", "/actuator/prometheus");
+                put("status", "200");
+            }
+        };
+        when(mockExecutor.execute("http_server_requests_seconds_count")).thenReturn(List.of(vectorCount));
+        when(mockExecutor.execute("http_server_requests_seconds_sum")).thenReturn(List.of(vectorSum));
+        result = evaluate(promql);
+        assertEquals(1, result.size());
+        assertEquals(13, result.get(0).get("__value__"));
+
+        // vector and vector bool
+        promql = "http_server_requests_seconds_count > bool http_server_requests_seconds_sum";
+        // true
+        result = evaluate(promql);
+        assertEquals(1, result.size());
+        assertEquals(1, result.get(0).get("__value__"));
+        // false
+        vectorCount.put("__value__", 1);
+        result = evaluate(promql);
+        assertEquals(1, result.size());
+        assertEquals(0, result.get(0).get("__value__"));
+    }

    private List<Map<String, Object>> evaluate(String expression) {
        AlertExpressionLexer lexer = new AlertExpressionLexer(CharStreams.fromString(expression));
@@ -17,19 +17,7 @@

 package org.apache.hertzbeat.alert.service;

-import static org.junit.jupiter.api.Assertions.assertDoesNotThrow;
-import static org.junit.jupiter.api.Assertions.assertNotNull;
-import static org.junit.jupiter.api.Assertions.assertThrows;
-import static org.mockito.Mockito.any;
-import static org.mockito.Mockito.anySet;
-import static org.mockito.Mockito.doNothing;
-import static org.mockito.Mockito.reset;
-import static org.mockito.Mockito.times;
-import static org.mockito.Mockito.verify;
-import static org.mockito.Mockito.when;
-import java.util.HashSet;
-import java.util.List;
-import java.util.Optional;
+import com.google.common.collect.Lists;
 import org.apache.hertzbeat.alert.calculate.PeriodicAlertRuleScheduler;
 import org.apache.hertzbeat.alert.dao.AlertDefineDao;
 import org.apache.hertzbeat.alert.service.impl.AlertDefineServiceImpl;
@@ -45,6 +33,27 @@ import org.springframework.data.domain.PageRequest;
 import org.springframework.data.jpa.domain.Specification;
 import org.springframework.test.util.ReflectionTestUtils;

+import java.util.HashMap;
+import java.util.HashSet;
+import java.util.List;
+import java.util.Map;
+import java.util.Optional;
+
+import static org.apache.hertzbeat.common.constants.CommonConstants.ALERT_THRESHOLD_TYPE_PERIODIC;
+import static org.apache.hertzbeat.common.constants.CommonConstants.ALERT_THRESHOLD_TYPE_REALTIME;
+import static org.junit.jupiter.api.Assertions.assertDoesNotThrow;
+import static org.junit.jupiter.api.Assertions.assertEquals;
+import static org.junit.jupiter.api.Assertions.assertNotNull;
+import static org.junit.jupiter.api.Assertions.assertThrows;
+import static org.mockito.ArgumentMatchers.eq;
+import static org.mockito.Mockito.any;
+import static org.mockito.Mockito.anySet;
+import static org.mockito.Mockito.doNothing;
+import static org.mockito.Mockito.reset;
+import static org.mockito.Mockito.times;
+import static org.mockito.Mockito.verify;
+import static org.mockito.Mockito.when;
+
 /**
 * Test case for {@link AlertDefineService}
 */
@@ -62,6 +71,9 @@ class AlertDefineServiceTest {
    @Mock
    private List<AlertDefineImExportService> alertDefineImExportServiceList;

+    @Mock
+    private DataSourceService dataSourceService;
+
    @InjectMocks
    private AlertDefineServiceImpl alertDefineService;

@@ -131,4 +143,36 @@ class AlertDefineServiceTest {
        assertNotNull(alertDefineService.getAlertDefines(null, null, "id", "desc", 1, 10));
        verify(alertDefineDao, times(1)).findAll(any(Specification.class), any(PageRequest.class));
    }
+
+    @Test
+    void getDefinePreview() {
+        String expr = "http_server_requests_seconds_count > 10";
+
+        Map<String, Object> countValue1 = new HashMap<>() {
+            {
+                put("exception", "none");
+                put("instance", "host.docker.internal:8989");
+                put("__value__", 1307);
+                put("method", "GET");
+                put("__name__", "http_server_requests_seconds_count");
+                put("__timestamp__", "1.750320922467E9");
+                put("error", "none");
+                put("job", "spring-boot-app");
+                put("uri", "/actuator/prometheus");
+                put("outcome", "SUCCESS");
+                put("status", "200");
+            }
+        };
+        when(dataSourceService.calculate(eq("promql"), eq(expr))).thenReturn(Lists.newArrayList(countValue1));
+        List<Map<String, Object>> result = alertDefineService.getDefinePreview("promql", ALERT_THRESHOLD_TYPE_PERIODIC, expr);
+        assertNotNull(result);
+        assertEquals(1307, result.get(0).get("__value__"));
+
+        result = alertDefineService.getDefinePreview("promql", ALERT_THRESHOLD_TYPE_PERIODIC, null);
+        assertEquals(0, result.size());
+
+        result = alertDefineService.getDefinePreview("promql", ALERT_THRESHOLD_TYPE_REALTIME, null);
+        assertEquals(0, result.size());
+    }
+
 }
@@ -21,6 +21,7 @@ import com.github.benmanes.caffeine.cache.Cache;
 import org.antlr.v4.runtime.CommonTokenStream;
 import org.antlr.v4.runtime.tree.ParseTree;
 import org.apache.hertzbeat.alert.service.impl.DataSourceServiceImpl;
+import org.apache.hertzbeat.common.support.exception.AlertExpressionException;
 import org.apache.hertzbeat.warehouse.db.QueryExecutor;
 import org.junit.jupiter.api.BeforeEach;
 import org.junit.jupiter.api.Test;
@@ -34,6 +35,9 @@ import java.util.Map;
 import static org.junit.jupiter.api.Assertions.assertEquals;
 import static org.junit.jupiter.api.Assertions.assertNotNull;
 import static org.junit.jupiter.api.Assertions.assertNull;
+import static org.junit.jupiter.api.Assertions.assertThrows;
+import static org.mockito.ArgumentMatchers.eq;
+import static org.mockito.Mockito.when;

 /**
 * test case for {@link DataSourceService}
@@ -392,8 +396,7 @@ class DataSourceServiceTest {
        dataSourceService.setExecutors(List.of(mockExecutor));

        List<Map<String, Object>> result = dataSourceService.calculate("promql", "node_cpu_seconds_total{mode=\"user\"} > 250 or node_cpu_seconds_total{mode=\"idle\"} < 20");
-        assertEquals(1, result.size());
-        assertNull(result.get(0).get("__value__"));
+        assertEquals(0, result.size());
    }

    @Test
@@ -414,8 +417,7 @@ class DataSourceServiceTest {
        dataSourceService.setExecutors(List.of(mockExecutor));

        List<Map<String, Object>> result = dataSourceService.calculate("promql", "node_cpu_seconds_total{mode=\"user\"} > 50 or node_cpu_seconds_total{mode=\"idle\"} < 320");
-        assertEquals(1, result.size());
-        assertNotNull(result.get(0).get("__value__"));
+        assertEquals(4, result.size());
    }

    @Test
@@ -436,8 +438,8 @@ class DataSourceServiceTest {
        dataSourceService.setExecutors(List.of(mockExecutor));

        List<Map<String, Object>> result = dataSourceService.calculate("promql", "node_cpu_seconds_total{mode=\"user\"} > 50 unless node_cpu_seconds_total{mode=\"idle\"} < 320");
-        assertEquals(1, result.size());
-        assertNull(result.get(0).get("__value__"));
+        assertEquals(2, result.size());
+        assertEquals(100.0, result.get(0).get("__value__"));
    }

    @Test
@@ -458,8 +460,8 @@ class DataSourceServiceTest {
        dataSourceService.setExecutors(List.of(mockExecutor));

        List<Map<String, Object>> result = dataSourceService.calculate("promql", "node_cpu_seconds_total{mode=\"user\"} > 50 unless node_cpu_seconds_total{mode=\"idle\"} < 20");
-        assertEquals(1, result.size());
-        assertNotNull(result.get(0).get("__value__"));
+        assertEquals(2, result.size());
+        assertEquals(100.0, result.get(0).get("__value__"));
    }

    @Test
@@ -480,8 +482,7 @@ class DataSourceServiceTest {
        dataSourceService.setExecutors(List.of(mockExecutor));

        List<Map<String, Object>> result = dataSourceService.calculate("promql", "node_cpu_seconds_total{mode=\"user\"} > 250 unless node_cpu_seconds_total{mode=\"idle\"} < 20");
-        assertEquals(1, result.size());
-        assertNull(result.get(0).get("__value__"));
+        assertEquals(0, result.size());
    }

    @Test
@@ -558,7 +559,6 @@ class DataSourceServiceTest {
        tokenStreamCache.invalidateAll();
        long beforeHits = tokenStreamCache.stats().hitCount();
        dataSourceService.calculate("promql", expr);
-        expressionCache.invalidateAll();
        dataSourceService.calculate("promql", expr);
        long actualHits = tokenStreamCache.stats().hitCount() - beforeHits;
        assertEquals(1, actualHits, "expression cache should hit but miss");
@@ -609,4 +609,34 @@ class DataSourceServiceTest {
        long actualHits = tokenStreamCache.stats().hitCount() - beforeHits;
        assertEquals(0, actualHits, "expression cache should miss but hit");
    }
+
+    @Test
+    void testAlertExpressionException() {
+        List<Map<String, Object>> prometheusData = List.of(
+                new HashMap<>() {
+                    {
+                        put("exception", "none");
+                        put("instance", "host.docker.internal:8989");
+                        put("__value__", 1307);
+                        put("method", "GET");
+                        put("__name__", "http_server_requests_seconds_count");
+                        put("__timestamp__", "1.750320922467E9");
+                        put("error", "none");
+                        put("job", "spring-boot-app");
+                        put("uri", "/actuator/prometheus");
+                        put("outcome", "SUCCESS");
+                        put("status", "200");
+                    }
+                });
+        QueryExecutor mockExecutor = Mockito.mock(QueryExecutor.class);
+        when(mockExecutor.support(eq("promql"))).thenReturn(true);
+        when(mockExecutor.execute(eq("http_server_requests_seconds_count"))).thenReturn(prometheusData);
+
+        dataSourceService.setExecutors(List.of(mockExecutor));
+        List<Map<String, Object>> result = dataSourceService.calculate("promql", "http_server_requests_seconds_count > 10");
+        assertNotNull(result);
+        assertEquals(1307, result.get(0).get("__value__"));
+
+        assertThrows(AlertExpressionException.class, () -> dataSourceService.calculate("promql", "http_server_requests_seconds_count{!@~!!#$%^&}"));
+    }
 }
@@ -33,7 +33,7 @@
        <maven.compiler.source>17</maven.compiler.source>
        <maven.compiler.target>17</maven.compiler.target>
        <project.build.sourceEncoding>UTF-8</project.build.sourceEncoding>
-        <mqtt.version>1.3.3</mqtt.version>
+        <mqtt.version>1.2.5</mqtt.version>
    </properties>

    <dependencies>
@@ -140,10 +140,19 @@
        </dependency>
        <!-- mqtt -->
        <dependency>
-            <groupId>com.hivemq</groupId>
-            <artifactId>hivemq-mqtt-client</artifactId>
+            <groupId>org.eclipse.paho</groupId>
+            <artifactId>org.eclipse.paho.client.mqttv3</artifactId>
            <version>${mqtt.version}</version>
        </dependency>
+        <!--Bouncy Castle-->
+        <dependency>
+            <groupId>org.bouncycastle</groupId>
+            <artifactId>bcpkix-jdk15on</artifactId>
+            <version>1.68</version>
+        </dependency>
+
+
+
        <!--plc-->
        <dependency>
            <groupId>org.apache.plc4x</groupId>
@@ -17,6 +17,7 @@

 package org.apache.hertzbeat.collector.collect.database;

+import java.nio.charset.StandardCharsets;
 import java.sql.Connection;
 import java.sql.DriverManager;
 import java.sql.ResultSet;
@@ -74,6 +75,7 @@ public class JdbcCommonCollect extends AbstractCollect {
            // code execution related - may result in remote code execution
            "init=", "javaobjectserializer=", "runscript", "serverstatusdiffinterceptor",
            "queryinterceptors=", "statementinterceptors=", "exceptioninterceptors=",
+            "xp_cmdshell", "create function", "dbms_java", "sp_sysexecute", "load_file",

            // multiple statement execution - may lead to SQL injection
            "allowmultiqueries",
@@ -82,6 +84,96 @@ public class JdbcCommonCollect extends AbstractCollect {
            "autodeserialize", "detectcustomcollations",
    };

+    // universal bypass detection mode - applicable to all databases for dangerous command bypass detection
+    private static final String[] UNIVERSAL_BYPASS_PATTERNS = {
+            ".*create\\s*([/\\\\]|\\\\n|/n|\\n)\\s*trigger.*",
+            ".*create\\s*([/\\\\]|\\\\n|/n|\\n)\\s*function.*",
+            ".*drop\\s*([/\\\\]|\\\\n|/n|\\n)\\s*table.*",
+            ".*drop\\s*([/\\\\]|\\\\n|/n|\\n)\\s*database.*",
+            ".*run\\s*([/\\\\]|\\\\n|/n|\\n)\\s*script.*",
+            ".*alter\\s*([/\\\\]|\\\\n|/n|\\n)\\s*system.*",
+            ".*grant\\s*([/\\\\]|\\\\n|/n|\\n)\\s*all.*",
+            ".*revoke\\s*([/\\\\]|\\\\n|/n|\\n)\\s*all.*",
+            ".*xp\\s*([/\\\\]|\\\\n|/n|\\n)\\s*cmdshell.*",
+            ".*load\\s*([/\\\\]|\\\\n|/n|\\n)\\s*file.*"
+    };
+
+    // database platform specific bypass detection mode
+    private static final HashMap<String, String[]> PLATFORM_BYPASS_PATTERNS = new HashMap<>();
+
+    static {
+        // H2 database special character bypass mode
+        PLATFORM_BYPASS_PATTERNS.put("h2", new String[]{
+                ".*(\\\\\\\\|/|\\\\|\\\\n|/n|\\n)\\s*init\\s*=.*",
+                ".*in\\s*([/\\\\]|\\\\n|/n|\\n)\\s*it\\s*=.*",
+                ".*(\\\\\\\\|/|\\\\|\\\\n|/n|\\n)\\s*runscript\\s+from.*",
+                ".*ru\\s*([/\\\\]|\\\\n|/n|\\n)\\s*script\\s+from.*"
+        });
+
+        // MySQL/MariaDB bypass mode
+        String[] mysqlPatterns = {
+                ".*allow\\s*([/\\\\]|\\\\n|/n|\\n)\\s*load\\s*([/\\\\]|\\\\n|/n|\\n)\\s*local\\s*([/\\\\]|\\\\n|/n|\\n)\\s*infile.*",
+                ".*allow\\s*([/\\\\]|\\\\n|/n|\\n)\\s*multi\\s*([/\\\\]|\\\\n|/n|\\n)\\s*queries.*",
+                ".*query\\s*([/\\\\]|\\\\n|/n|\\n)\\s*interceptors.*",
+                ".*statement\\s*([/\\\\]|\\\\n|/n|\\n)\\s*interceptors.*",
+                ".*exception\\s*([/\\\\]|\\\\n|/n|\\n)\\s*interceptors.*",
+                ".*auto\\s*([/\\\\]|\\\\n|/n|\\n)\\s*deserialize.*"
+        };
+        PLATFORM_BYPASS_PATTERNS.put("mysql", mysqlPatterns);
+        PLATFORM_BYPASS_PATTERNS.put("mariadb", mysqlPatterns);
+
+        // PostgreSQL bypass mode
+        PLATFORM_BYPASS_PATTERNS.put("postgresql", new String[]{
+                ".*socket\\s*([/\\\\]|\\\\n|/n|\\n)\\s*factory.*",
+                ".*logger\\s*([/\\\\]|\\\\n|/n|\\n)\\s*file.*",
+                ".*ssl\\s*([/\\\\]|\\\\n|/n|\\n)\\s*mode.*",
+                ".*logger\\s*([/\\\\]|\\\\n|/n|\\n)\\s*level.*"
+        });
+
+        // SQL Server bypass mode
+        PLATFORM_BYPASS_PATTERNS.put("sqlserver", new String[]{
+                ".*integrated\\s*([/\\\\]|\\\\n|/n|\\n)\\s*security.*",
+                ".*authentication\\s*([/\\\\]|\\\\n|/n|\\n)\\s*scheme.*",
+                ".*select\\s*([/\\\\]|\\\\n|/n|\\n)\\s*method.*",
+                ".*send\\s*([/\\\\]|\\\\n|/n|\\n)\\s*string\\s*([/\\\\]|\\\\n|/n|\\n)\\s*parameters\\s*([/\\\\]|\\\\n|/n|\\n)\\s*as\\s*([/\\\\]|\\\\n|/n|\\n)\\s*unicode.*",
+                ".*x\\s*([/\\\\]|\\\\n|/n|\\n)\\s*open\\s*([/\\\\]|\\\\n|/n|\\n)\\s*state.*",
+                ".*application\\s*([/\\\\]|\\\\n|/n|\\n)\\s*intent.*"
+        });
+
+        // ClickHouse bypass mode
+        PLATFORM_BYPASS_PATTERNS.put("clickhouse", new String[]{
+                ".*custom\\s*([/\\\\]|\\\\n|/n|\\n)\\s*http\\s*([/\\\\]|\\\\n|/n|\\n)\\s*params.*",
+                ".*http\\s*([/\\\\]|\\\\n|/n|\\n)\\s*connection\\s*([/\\\\]|\\\\n|/n|\\n)\\s*provider.*",
+                ".*check\\s*([/\\\\]|\\\\n|/n|\\n)\\s*all\\s*([/\\\\]|\\\\n|/n|\\n)\\s*nodes.*",
+                ".*fail\\s*([/\\\\]|\\\\n|/n|\\n)\\s*over.*",
+                ".*use\\s*([/\\\\]|\\\\n|/n|\\n)\\s*objects\\s*([/\\\\]|\\\\n|/n|\\n)\\s*in\\s*([/\\\\]|\\\\n|/n|\\n)\\s*arrays.*"
+        });
+
+        // Oracle bypass mode
+        PLATFORM_BYPASS_PATTERNS.put("oracle", new String[]{
+                ".*oracle\\s*([/\\\\]|\\\\n|/n|\\n)\\s*jdbc.*",
+                ".*oracle\\s*([/\\\\]|\\\\n|/n|\\n)\\s*net.*",
+                ".*oracle\\.jdbc\\.timezoneinfotable\\s*=.*",
+                ".*oracle\\.net\\.wallet_location\\s*=.*",
+                ".*oracle\\.net\\.ssl_server_dn_match\\s*=\\s*false.*",
+                ".*oracle\\.jdbc\\.enablesqlinjectionattack\\s*=\\s*true.*",
+                ".*oracle\\.jdbc\\.implicitstatementcachesize\\s*=\\s*0.*",
+                ".*oracle\\.jdbc\\.timezoneinfotable\\s*=.*",
+                ".*oracle\\.net\\.wallet_location\\s*=.*",
+                ".*oracle\\.net\\.ssl_server_dn_match\\s*=\\s*false.*",
+                ".*oracle\\.jdbc\\.enablesqlinjectionattack\\s*=\\s*true.*",
+                ".*oracle\\.jdbc\\.implicitstatementcachesize\\s*=\\s*0.*"
+        });
+
+        // DM bypass mode
+        PLATFORM_BYPASS_PATTERNS.put("dm", new String[]{
+                ".*login\\s*([/\\\\]|\\\\n|/n|\\n)\\s*mode.*",
+                ".*compatible\\s*([/\\\\]|\\\\n|/n|\\n)\\s*mode.*",
+                ".*en\\s*([/\\\\]|\\\\n|/n|\\n)\\s*crypt.*",
+                ".*ci\\s*([/\\\\]|\\\\n|/n|\\n)\\s*pher.*"
+        });
+    }
+
    private final GlobalConnectionCache connectionCommonCache = GlobalConnectionCache.getInstance();


@@ -91,8 +183,9 @@ public class JdbcCommonCollect extends AbstractCollect {
            throw new IllegalArgumentException("Database collect must has jdbc params");
        }
        if (StringUtils.hasText(metrics.getJdbc().getUrl())) {
+            String url = metrics.getJdbc().getUrl().toLowerCase();
            for (String keyword : VULNERABLE_KEYWORDS) {
-                if (metrics.getJdbc().getUrl().contains(keyword)) {
+                if (url.contains(keyword.toLowerCase())) {
                    throw new IllegalArgumentException("Jdbc url prohibit contains vulnerable param " + keyword);
                }
            }
@@ -340,6 +433,27 @@ public class JdbcCommonCollect extends AbstractCollect {
        }
    }

+    /**
+     * Recursively decode the URL to prevent multiple encoding bypasses.
+     *
+     * @param url jdbc url
+     * @return decoded decoded jdbc url
+     */
+    private String recursiveDecode(String url) {
+        String prev;
+        String decoded = url;
+        int max = 5; // Decode it at most 5 times to prevent infinite loops.
+        do {
+            prev = decoded;
+            try {
+                decoded = java.net.URLDecoder.decode(prev, StandardCharsets.UTF_8);
+            } catch (Exception e) {
+                break;
+            }
+        } while (!prev.equals(decoded) && --max > 0);
+        return decoded;
+    }
+
    /**
     * construct jdbc url due the jdbc protocol
     *
@@ -355,20 +469,54 @@ public class JdbcCommonCollect extends AbstractCollect {
                throw new IllegalArgumentException("JDBC URL length exceeds maximum limit of 2048 characters");
            }
            // remove special characters
-            String cleanedUrl = jdbcProtocol.getUrl().replaceAll("[\\x00-\\x1F\\x7F]", "");
-            String url = cleanedUrl.toLowerCase();
+            String cleanedUrl = jdbcProtocol.getUrl().replaceAll("[\\x00-\\x1F\\x7F\\xA0]", "");
+            String url = recursiveDecode(cleanedUrl);
+            String urlLowerCase = url.toLowerCase();
+            // url format check
+            if (!urlLowerCase.matches("^jdbc:[a-zA-Z0-9]+:([^\\s;]+)(;[^\\s;]+)*$")) {
+                throw new IllegalArgumentException("Invalid JDBC URL format");
+            }
            // backlist check
            for (String keyword : BLACK_LIST) {
-                if (url.contains(keyword)) {
+                if (urlLowerCase.contains(keyword.toLowerCase())) {
                    throw new IllegalArgumentException("Invalid JDBC URL: contains potentially malicious parameter: " + keyword);
                }
            }
-            // url format check
-            if (!url.matches("^jdbc:[a-zA-Z0-9]+://[^\\s]+$")) {
-                throw new IllegalArgumentException("Invalid JDBC URL format");
+            // universal detection
+            String normalizedUrl = urlLowerCase.replaceAll("[\\x00-\\x1F\\x7F\\xA0]", " ");
+            // universal detection of JDBC injection and deserialization attacks
+            if (normalizedUrl.matches(".*jndi\\s*[:=].*")
+                    || normalizedUrl.matches(".*ldap\\s*[:=].*")
+                    || normalizedUrl.matches(".*rmi\\s*[:=].*")
+                    || normalizedUrl.matches(".*java\\s*[:=].*")
+                    || normalizedUrl.matches(".*serialization\\s*[:=].*")
+                    || normalizedUrl.matches(".*deserializ.*\\s*[:=].*")
+                    || normalizedUrl.matches(".*objectinputstream\\s*[:=].*")
+                    || normalizedUrl.matches(".*readobject\\s*[:=].*")) {
+                throw new IllegalArgumentException("Invalid JDBC URL: contains potentially malicious JNDI or deserialization parameter");
            }
-            return cleanedUrl;
+            // universal detection of bypass
+            for (String pattern : UNIVERSAL_BYPASS_PATTERNS) {
+                if (normalizedUrl.matches(pattern)) {
+                    throw new IllegalArgumentException("Invalid JDBC URL: contains potentially malicious bypass pattern");
+                }
+            }
+            // database platform specific bypass detection
+            if (jdbcProtocol.getPlatform() != null) {
+                String platform = jdbcProtocol.getPlatform().toLowerCase();
+                // check for specific bypass modes on the platform
+                String[] platformPatterns = PLATFORM_BYPASS_PATTERNS.get(platform);
+                if (platformPatterns != null) {
+                    for (String pattern : platformPatterns) {
+                        if (normalizedUrl.matches(pattern)) {
+                            throw new IllegalArgumentException("Invalid " + platform.toUpperCase() + " JDBC URL: contains potentially malicious bypass pattern");
+                        }
+                    }
+                }
+            }
+            return url;
        }
+        assert jdbcProtocol.getPlatform() != null;
        return switch (jdbcProtocol.getPlatform()) {
            case "mysql", "mariadb" -> "jdbc:mysql://" + host + ":" + port
                    + "/" + (jdbcProtocol.getDatabase() == null ? "" : jdbcProtocol.getDatabase())
@@ -68,6 +68,7 @@ import org.apache.hertzbeat.common.util.Base64Util;
 import org.apache.hertzbeat.common.util.CommonUtil;
 import org.apache.hertzbeat.common.util.IpDomainUtil;
 import org.apache.http.Header;
+import org.apache.http.HttpEntity;
 import org.apache.http.HttpHeaders;
 import org.apache.http.HttpStatus;
 import org.apache.http.auth.AuthScope;
@@ -144,37 +145,46 @@ public class HttpCollectImpl extends AbstractCollect {
                builder.setMsg(NetworkConstants.STATUS_CODE + SignConstants.BLANK + statusCode);
                return;
            }
-            /*
-             this could create large objects, potentially impacting JVM memory space significantly.
-             Option 1: Parse using InputStream, but this requires significant code changes;
-             Option 2: Manually trigger garbage collection, similar to how it's done in Dubbo for large inputs.
-             */
-            String resp = EntityUtils.toString(response.getEntity(), StandardCharsets.UTF_8);
-            if (!StringUtils.hasText(resp)) {
-                log.info("http response entity is empty, status: {}.", statusCode);
-            }
-            Long responseTime = System.currentTimeMillis() - startTime;
+
+            long responseTime = System.currentTimeMillis() - startTime;
            String parseType = metrics.getHttp().getParseType();
+            HttpEntity entity = response.getEntity();
+
            try {
-                switch (parseType) {
-                    case DispatchConstants.PARSE_JSON_PATH ->
-                            parseResponseByJsonPath(resp, metrics.getAliasFields(), metrics.getHttp(), builder, responseTime);
-                    case DispatchConstants.PARSE_PROM_QL ->
-                            parseResponseByPromQl(resp, metrics.getAliasFields(), metrics.getHttp(), builder);
-                    case DispatchConstants.PARSE_PROMETHEUS ->
-                            parseResponseByPrometheusExporter(response.getEntity().getContent(), metrics.getAliasFields(), builder);
-                    case DispatchConstants.PARSE_XML_PATH ->
-                            parseResponseByXmlPath(resp, metrics, builder, responseTime);
-                    case DispatchConstants.PARSE_WEBSITE ->
-                            parseResponseByWebsite(resp, metrics, metrics.getHttp(), builder, responseTime, statusCode);
-                    case DispatchConstants.PARSE_SITE_MAP ->
-                            parseResponseBySiteMap(resp, metrics.getAliasFields(), builder);
-                    case DispatchConstants.PARSE_HEADER ->
-                            parseResponseByHeader(builder, metrics.getAliasFields(), response);
-                    case DispatchConstants.PARSE_CONFIG ->
-                            parseResponseByConfig(resp, metrics.getAliasFields(), metrics.getHttp(), builder, responseTime);
-                    default ->
-                            parseResponseByDefault(resp, metrics.getAliasFields(), metrics.getHttp(), builder, responseTime);
+                if (DispatchConstants.PARSE_PROMETHEUS.equals(parseType)) {
+                    if (entity != null) {
+                        parseResponseByPrometheusExporter(entity.getContent(), metrics.getAliasFields(), builder);
+                    }
+                } else if (DispatchConstants.PARSE_HEADER.equals(parseType)) {
+                    parseResponseByHeader(builder, metrics.getAliasFields(), response);
+                    // Consume entity to release connection
+                    EntityUtils.consumeQuietly(entity);
+                } else {
+                    /*
+                     this could create large objects, potentially impacting JVM memory space significantly.
+                     Option 1: Parse using InputStream, but this requires significant code changes;
+                     Option 2: Manually trigger garbage collection, similar to how it's done in Dubbo for large inputs.
+                     */
+                    String resp = entity == null ? "" : EntityUtils.toString(entity, StandardCharsets.UTF_8);
+                    if (!StringUtils.hasText(resp)) {
+                        log.info("http response entity is empty, status: {}.", statusCode);
+                    }
+                    switch (parseType) {
+                        case DispatchConstants.PARSE_JSON_PATH ->
+                                parseResponseByJsonPath(resp, metrics.getAliasFields(), metrics.getHttp(), builder, responseTime);
+                        case DispatchConstants.PARSE_PROM_QL ->
+                                parseResponseByPromQl(resp, metrics.getAliasFields(), metrics.getHttp(), builder);
+                        case DispatchConstants.PARSE_XML_PATH ->
+                                parseResponseByXmlPath(resp, metrics, builder, responseTime);
+                        case DispatchConstants.PARSE_WEBSITE ->
+                                parseResponseByWebsite(resp, metrics, metrics.getHttp(), builder, responseTime, statusCode);
+                        case DispatchConstants.PARSE_SITE_MAP ->
+                                parseResponseBySiteMap(resp, metrics.getAliasFields(), builder);
+                        case DispatchConstants.PARSE_CONFIG ->
+                                parseResponseByConfig(resp, metrics.getAliasFields(), metrics.getHttp(), builder, responseTime);
+                        default ->
+                                parseResponseByDefault(resp, metrics.getAliasFields(), metrics.getHttp(), builder, responseTime);
+                    }
                }
            } catch (Exception e) {
                log.info("parse error: {}.", e.getMessage(), e);
@@ -594,6 +604,18 @@ public class HttpCollectImpl extends AbstractCollect {
                    }
                }
                builder.addValueRow(valueRowBuilder.build());
+            } else if (objectValue instanceof Number numberValue) {
+                CollectRep.ValueRow.Builder valueRowBuilder = CollectRep.ValueRow.newBuilder();
+                for (String alias : aliasFields) {
+                    if (NetworkConstants.RESPONSE_TIME.equalsIgnoreCase(alias)) {
+                        valueRowBuilder.addColumn(responseTime.toString());
+                    } else if (CollectorConstants.KEYWORD.equalsIgnoreCase(alias)) {
+                        valueRowBuilder.addColumn(Integer.toString(keywordNum));
+                    } else {
+                        valueRowBuilder.addColumn(numberValue.toString());
+                    }
+                }
+                builder.addValueRow(valueRowBuilder.build());
            }
        }
    }
@@ -618,11 +640,13 @@ public class HttpCollectImpl extends AbstractCollect {
                        .collect(Collectors.toMap(MetricFamily.Label::getName, MetricFamily.Label::getValue));
                CollectRep.ValueRow.Builder valueRowBuilder = CollectRep.ValueRow.newBuilder();
                for (String aliasField : aliasFields) {
-                    if ("value".equals(aliasField)) {
+                    String columnValue = labelMap.get(aliasField);
+                    if (columnValue != null) {
+                        valueRowBuilder.addColumn(columnValue);
+                    } else if (CommonConstants.PROM_VALUE.equals(aliasField) || CommonConstants.PROM_METRIC_VALUE.equals(aliasField)) {
                        valueRowBuilder.addColumn(String.valueOf(metric.getValue()));
                    } else {
-                        String columnValue = labelMap.get(aliasField);
-                        valueRowBuilder.addColumn(columnValue == null ? CommonConstants.NULL_VALUE : columnValue);
+                        valueRowBuilder.addColumn(CommonConstants.NULL_VALUE);
                    }
                }
                builder.addValueRow(valueRowBuilder.build());
@@ -856,4 +880,4 @@ public class HttpCollectImpl extends AbstractCollect {
        }
        return successCodeSet.contains(statusCode);
    }
-}
+}
@@ -60,7 +60,7 @@ public class PrometheusMatrixParser extends AbstractPrometheusParse {
                boolean setValueFlag = false;
                CollectRep.ValueRow.Builder valueRowBuilder = CollectRep.ValueRow.newBuilder();
                for (String aliasField : aliasFields) {
-                    if (!CollectUtil.assertPromRequireField(aliasField)) {
+                    if (!CollectUtil.assertPromRequireField(aliasField) || CollectUtil.isValueAsLabel(aliasField, r.getMetric())) {
                        JsonElement jsonElement = r.getMetric().get(aliasField);
                        if (jsonElement != null) {
                            valueRowBuilder.addColumn(jsonElement.getAsString());
@@ -93,7 +93,6 @@ public class PrometheusMatrixParser extends AbstractPrometheusParse {
                }
                builder.addValueRow(valueRowBuilder.build());
            }
-
        }
    }
 }
@@ -59,7 +59,7 @@ public class PrometheusVectorParser extends AbstractPrometheusParse {
        for (PromVectorOrMatrix.Result r : result) {
            CollectRep.ValueRow.Builder valueRowBuilder = CollectRep.ValueRow.newBuilder();
            for (String aliasField : aliasFields) {
-                if (!CollectUtil.assertPromRequireField(aliasField)) {
+                if (!CollectUtil.assertPromRequireField(aliasField) || CollectUtil.isValueAsLabel(aliasField, r.getMetric())) {
                    JsonElement jsonElement = r.getMetric().get(aliasField);
                    if (jsonElement != null) {
                        valueRowBuilder.addColumn(jsonElement.getAsString());
@@ -42,7 +42,6 @@ import javax.management.remote.JMXServiceURL;
 import javax.management.remote.rmi.RMIConnectorServer;
 import javax.naming.Context;
 import javax.rmi.ssl.SslRMIClientSocketFactory;
-import lombok.extern.slf4j.Slf4j;
 import org.apache.hertzbeat.collector.collect.AbstractCollect;
 import org.apache.hertzbeat.collector.collect.common.cache.AbstractConnection;
 import org.apache.hertzbeat.collector.collect.common.cache.CacheIdentifier;
@@ -54,13 +53,15 @@ import org.apache.hertzbeat.common.entity.job.Metrics;
 import org.apache.hertzbeat.common.entity.job.protocol.JmxProtocol;
 import org.apache.hertzbeat.common.entity.message.CollectRep;
 import org.apache.hertzbeat.common.util.CommonUtil;
+import org.apache.hertzbeat.common.util.LogUtil;
+import org.slf4j.Logger;
+import org.slf4j.LoggerFactory;
 import org.springframework.util.Assert;
 import org.springframework.util.StringUtils;

 /**
 * jmx protocol acquisition implementation
 */
-@Slf4j
 public class JmxCollectImpl extends AbstractCollect {

    private static final String JMX_URL_PREFIX = "service:jmx:rmi:///jndi/rmi://";
@@ -75,6 +76,8 @@ public class JmxCollectImpl extends AbstractCollect {

    private final ClassLoader jmxClassLoader;

+    private static final Logger logger = LoggerFactory.getLogger(JmxCollectImpl.class);
+
    public JmxCollectImpl() {
        jmxClassLoader = new JmxClassLoader(ClassLoader.getSystemClassLoader());
    }
@@ -195,12 +198,12 @@ public class JmxCollectImpl extends AbstractCollect {
            }
        } catch (IOException exception) {
            String errorMsg = CommonUtil.getMessageFromThrowable(exception);
-            log.error("JMX IOException :{}", errorMsg);
+            LogUtil.error(logger, "JMX IOException: {0}", errorMsg);
            builder.setCode(CollectRep.Code.UN_CONNECTABLE);
            builder.setMsg(errorMsg);
        } catch (Exception e) {
            String errorMsg = CommonUtil.getMessageFromThrowable(e);
-            log.error("JMX Error :{}", errorMsg);
+            LogUtil.error(logger, "JMX Error: {0}", errorMsg);
            builder.setCode(CollectRep.Code.FAIL);
            builder.setMsg(errorMsg);
        } finally {
@@ -221,7 +224,7 @@ public class JmxCollectImpl extends AbstractCollect {
        for (Attribute attribute : attributeList.asList()) {
            Object value = attribute.getValue();
            if (value == null) {
-                log.info("attribute {} value is null.", attribute.getName());
+                LogUtil.info(logger, "attribute {0} value is null.", attribute.getName());
                continue;
            }
            if (value instanceof Number || value instanceof String || value instanceof ObjectName
@@ -245,7 +248,7 @@ public class JmxCollectImpl extends AbstractCollect {
                }
                attributeValueMap.put(attribute.getName(), builder.toString());
            } else {
-                log.warn("attribute value type {} not support.", value.getClass().getName());
+                LogUtil.warn(logger, "attribute value type {0} not support.", value.getClass().getName());
            }
        }
        return attributeValueMap;
@@ -319,7 +322,7 @@ public class JmxCollectImpl extends AbstractCollect {
            connectionCommonCache.addCache(identifier, new JmxConnect(conn));
            return conn;
        } catch (Exception e) {
-            log.error("Failed to connect to JMX server: {}", e.getMessage());
+            LogUtil.error(logger, "Failed to connect to JMX connection: {0}", e.getMessage());
            throw new IOException("Failed to connect to JMX server: " + e.getMessage(), e);
        }
    }
@@ -0,0 +1,195 @@
+/*
+ * Licensed to the Apache Software Foundation (ASF) under one or more
+ * contributor license agreements.  See the NOTICE file distributed with
+ * this work for additional information regarding copyright ownership.
+ * The ASF licenses this file to You under the Apache License, Version 2.0
+ * (the "License"); you may not use this file except in compliance with
+ * the License.  You may obtain a copy of the License at
+ *
+ *     http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+ *
+ * Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+ * distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+ * WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+ * See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+ * limitations under the License.
+ */
+
+package org.apache.hertzbeat.collector.collect.mqtt;
+
+import java.util.ArrayList;
+import java.util.List;
+import java.util.regex.Matcher;
+import java.util.regex.Pattern;
+
+/**
+ * Formats the private key and certificate, supporting concatenation of multiple certificates in PEM format.
+ */
+public class CertificateFormatter {
+
+    public static String formatCertificateChain(String input) {
+        if (input == null || input.trim().isEmpty()) {
+            return input;
+        }
+
+        String normalized = normalizeInput(input);
+
+        List<String> certificates = extractCertificates(normalized);
+
+        if (certificates.isEmpty()) {
+            return formatAsSingleCertificate(normalized);
+        }
+
+        StringBuilder formattedChain = new StringBuilder();
+        for (String cert : certificates) {
+            if (cert.trim().isEmpty()) continue;
+
+            String formatted = formatPemBlock(cert);
+            formattedChain.append(formatted).append("\n");
+        }
+
+        return formattedChain.toString().trim();
+    }
+
+    private static String normalizeInput(String input) {
+        return input
+                .replace("\r\n", "\n")
+                .replace("\r", "\n")
+                .replaceAll("\\s*\\\\n\\s*", "\n")
+                .replaceAll("(?m)^\\s+|\\s+$", "")
+                .trim();
+    }
+
+    private static List<String> extractCertificates(String input) {
+        List<String> certificates = new ArrayList<>();
+        String regex = "(-----BEGIN\\s+[\\w\\s]+?-----)[\\s\\S]*?(-----END\\s+[\\w\\s]+?-----)";
+
+
+        Pattern pattern = Pattern.compile(regex, Pattern.CASE_INSENSITIVE);
+        Matcher matcher = pattern.matcher(input);
+
+        int lastEnd = 0;
+        while (matcher.find()) {
+
+            if (matcher.start() > lastEnd) {
+                String gap = input.substring(lastEnd, matcher.start());
+                if (!gap.trim().isEmpty()) {
+                    certificates.add(gap);
+                }
+            }
+
+            certificates.add(matcher.group());
+            lastEnd = matcher.end();
+        }
+
+
+        if (lastEnd < input.length()) {
+            certificates.add(input.substring(lastEnd));
+        }
+
+        return certificates;
+    }
+
+    private static String formatPemBlock(String block) {
+        try {
+            Pattern pattern = Pattern.compile(
+                    "(-----BEGIN\\s+[\\w\\s]+?-----)(.*?)(-----END\\s+[\\w\\s]+?-----)",
+                    Pattern.DOTALL | Pattern.CASE_INSENSITIVE
+            );
+
+            Matcher matcher = pattern.matcher(block);
+            if (matcher.find()) {
+                String header = matcher.group(1).trim();
+                String body = matcher.group(2);
+                String footer = matcher.group(3).trim();
+
+
+                if (body == null) body = "";
+
+                String cleanBody = body
+                        .replaceAll("\\s", "")
+                        .replaceAll("\"", "")
+                        .trim();
+
+
+                if (cleanBody.isEmpty() && body != null && !body.trim().isEmpty()) {
+
+                    cleanBody = body.replaceAll("[^a-zA-Z0-9+/=]", "").trim();
+                }
+
+                String formattedBody = formatBase64Body(cleanBody);
+
+                return header + "\n" + formattedBody + "\n" + footer;
+            } else {
+
+                return formatAsCertificate(block);
+            }
+        } catch (Exception e) {
+
+            return block;
+        }
+    }
+
+    private static String formatAsCertificate(String content) {
+
+        String cleanContent = content.replaceAll("[^a-zA-Z0-9+/=]", "").trim();
+
+        if (cleanContent.isEmpty()) {
+            return content;
+        }
+
+
+        String formattedBody = formatBase64Body(cleanContent);
+
+
+        if (cleanContent.toLowerCase().contains("private")) {
+            if (cleanContent.startsWith("MII") || cleanContent.length() > 1000) {
+                return "-----BEGIN PRIVATE KEY-----\n" + formattedBody + "\n-----END PRIVATE KEY-----";
+            } else {
+                return "-----BEGIN RSA PRIVATE KEY-----\n" + formattedBody + "\n-----END RSA PRIVATE KEY-----";
+            }
+        } else {
+            return "-----BEGIN CERTIFICATE-----\n" + formattedBody + "\n-----END CERTIFICATE-----";
+        }
+    }
+
+    private static String formatAsSingleCertificate(String input) {
+        String cleanContent = input.replaceAll("[^a-zA-Z0-9+/=]", "").trim();
+        return formatAsCertificate(cleanContent);
+    }
+
+    private static String formatBase64Body(String body) {
+
+        StringBuilder formatted = new StringBuilder();
+        int index = 0;
+        while (index < body.length()) {
+            int end = Math.min(index + 64, body.length());
+            formatted.append(body.substring(index, end));
+            if (end < body.length()) {
+                formatted.append("\n");
+            }
+            index = end;
+        }
+        return formatted.toString().trim();
+    }
+
+    public static String formatPrivateKey(String input) {
+        if (input == null || input.trim().isEmpty()) {
+            return input;
+        }
+
+
+        String normalized = normalizeInput(input);
+
+
+        if (isPemEncapsulated(normalized)) {
+            return formatPemBlock(normalized);
+        }
+
+        return formatAsCertificate(normalized);
+    }
+
+    private static boolean isPemEncapsulated(String block) {
+        return block.contains("-----BEGIN") && block.contains("-----END");
+    }
+}
@@ -17,26 +17,7 @@

 package org.apache.hertzbeat.collector.collect.mqtt;

-import com.hivemq.client.mqtt.MqttVersion;
-import com.hivemq.client.mqtt.datatypes.MqttQos;
-import com.hivemq.client.mqtt.mqtt3.Mqtt3AsyncClient;
-import com.hivemq.client.mqtt.mqtt3.Mqtt3Client;
-import com.hivemq.client.mqtt.mqtt3.Mqtt3ClientBuilder;
-import com.hivemq.client.mqtt.mqtt3.message.connect.connack.Mqtt3ConnAck;
-import com.hivemq.client.mqtt.mqtt5.Mqtt5AsyncClient;
-import com.hivemq.client.mqtt.mqtt5.Mqtt5Client;
-import com.hivemq.client.mqtt.mqtt5.Mqtt5ClientBuilder;
-import com.hivemq.client.mqtt.mqtt5.message.connect.connack.Mqtt5ConnAck;
-import java.nio.charset.StandardCharsets;
-import java.util.Arrays;
-import java.util.HashMap;
-import java.util.Map;
-import java.util.concurrent.CompletableFuture;
-import java.util.concurrent.ExecutionException;
-import java.util.concurrent.TimeUnit;
-import java.util.concurrent.TimeoutException;
-import java.util.function.Consumer;
-import java.util.stream.Collectors;
+
 import org.apache.commons.lang3.StringUtils;
 import org.apache.hertzbeat.collector.collect.AbstractCollect;
 import org.apache.hertzbeat.collector.constants.CollectorConstants;
@@ -46,13 +27,27 @@ import org.apache.hertzbeat.common.entity.job.Metrics;
 import org.apache.hertzbeat.common.entity.job.protocol.MqttProtocol;
 import org.apache.hertzbeat.common.entity.message.CollectRep;
 import org.apache.hertzbeat.common.entity.message.CollectRep.MetricsData.Builder;
+import org.eclipse.paho.client.mqttv3.MqttAsyncClient;
+import org.eclipse.paho.client.mqttv3.MqttClientPersistence;
+import org.eclipse.paho.client.mqttv3.MqttConnectOptions;
+import org.eclipse.paho.client.mqttv3.MqttCallback;
+import org.eclipse.paho.client.mqttv3.MqttMessage;
+import org.eclipse.paho.client.mqttv3.IMqttDeliveryToken;
+import org.eclipse.paho.client.mqttv3.IMqttToken;
+import org.eclipse.paho.client.mqttv3.MqttException;
+import org.eclipse.paho.client.mqttv3.persist.MemoryPersistence;
 import org.slf4j.Logger;
 import org.slf4j.LoggerFactory;
 import org.springframework.util.Assert;
 import org.springframework.util.StopWatch;

+import java.util.HashMap;
+import java.util.Map;
+import java.util.concurrent.CountDownLatch;
+import java.util.concurrent.TimeUnit;
+
 /**
- * collect mqtt metrics
+ * collect mqtt metrics using Eclipse Paho
 */
 public class MqttCollectImpl extends AbstractCollect {

@@ -61,138 +56,224 @@ public class MqttCollectImpl extends AbstractCollect {

    private static final Logger logger = LoggerFactory.getLogger(MqttCollectImpl.class);

-    @Override
-    public void preCheck(Metrics metrics) throws IllegalArgumentException {
-        MqttProtocol mqttProtocol = metrics.getMqtt();
-        Assert.hasText(mqttProtocol.getHost(), "MQTT protocol host is required");
-        Assert.hasText(mqttProtocol.getPort(), "MQTT protocol port is required");
-        Assert.hasText(mqttProtocol.getProtocolVersion(), "MQTT protocol version is required");
-    }
-
-    @Override
-    public void collect(Builder builder, Metrics metrics) {
-        MqttProtocol mqtt = metrics.getMqtt();
-        String protocolVersion = mqtt.getProtocolVersion();
-        MqttVersion mqttVersion = MqttVersion.valueOf(protocolVersion);
-        if (mqttVersion == MqttVersion.MQTT_3_1_1) {
-            collectWithVersion3(metrics, builder);
-        } else if (mqttVersion == MqttVersion.MQTT_5_0) {
-            collectWithVersion5(metrics, builder);
-        }
-    }
-
    @Override
    public String supportProtocol() {
        return DispatchConstants.PROTOCOL_MQTT;
    }

-    /**
-     * collecting data of MQTT 5
-     */
-    private void collectWithVersion5(Metrics metrics, Builder builder) {
+    @Override
+    public void preCheck(Metrics metrics) throws IllegalArgumentException {
+        MqttProtocol mqttProtocol = metrics.getMqtt();
+        Assert.hasText(mqttProtocol.getHost(), "MQTT protocol host is required");
+        Assert.hasText(mqttProtocol.getPort(), "MQTT protocol port is required");
+
+        if ("mqtts".equalsIgnoreCase(mqttProtocol.getProtocol())) {
+            if (Boolean.parseBoolean(mqttProtocol.getEnableMutualAuth())) {
+                Assert.hasText(mqttProtocol.getCaCert(), "CA certificate is required for mutual auth");
+                Assert.hasText(mqttProtocol.getClientCert(), "Client certificate is required for mutual auth");
+                Assert.hasText(mqttProtocol.getClientKey(), "Client private key is required for mutual auth");
+            }
+        }
+    }
+
+    @Override
+    public void collect(Builder builder, Metrics metrics) {
        MqttProtocol mqttProtocol = metrics.getMqtt();
        Map<Object, String> data = new HashMap<>();
-        Mqtt5AsyncClient client = buildMqtt5Client(mqttProtocol);
-        long responseTime = connectClient(client, mqtt5AsyncClient -> {
-            CompletableFuture<Mqtt5ConnAck> connectFuture = mqtt5AsyncClient.connect();
-            try {
-                connectFuture.get(Long.parseLong(mqttProtocol.getTimeout()), TimeUnit.MILLISECONDS);
-            } catch (InterruptedException | ExecutionException | TimeoutException e) {
-                builder.setCode(CollectRep.Code.FAIL);
-                builder.setMsg(getErrorMessage(e.getMessage()));
+
+        try {
+            MqttAsyncClient client = buildMqttClient(mqttProtocol);
+            long responseTime = connectClient(client, mqttProtocol);
+            testSubscribeAndPublish(client, mqttProtocol, data);
+            convertToMetricsData(builder, metrics, responseTime, data);
+            client.disconnect();
+        } catch (Exception e) {
+            logger.error("MQTT collection error: {}", e.getMessage(), e);
+            builder.setCode(CollectRep.Code.FAIL);
+            builder.setMsg("Collection failed: " + e.getMessage());
+        }
+    }
+
+    private MqttAsyncClient buildMqttClient(MqttProtocol protocol) throws Exception {
+        String clientId = protocol.getClientId();
+
+        String serverUri = String.format("%s://%s:%s",
+                StringUtils.equals(protocol.getProtocol(), "MQTT") ? "tcp" : "ssl",
+                protocol.getHost(),
+                protocol.getPort());
+
+        MqttClientPersistence persistence = new MemoryPersistence();
+
+        return new MqttAsyncClient(serverUri, clientId, persistence);
+    }
+
+    private long connectClient(MqttAsyncClient client, MqttProtocol protocol) throws Exception {
+        MqttConnectOptions connOpts = new MqttConnectOptions();
+
+        if (protocol.hasAuth()) {
+            connOpts.setUserName(protocol.getUsername());
+            connOpts.setPassword(protocol.getPassword().toCharArray());
+        }
+
+        connOpts.setKeepAliveInterval(Integer.parseInt(protocol.getKeepalive()));
+        connOpts.setConnectionTimeout(Integer.parseInt(protocol.getTimeout()) / 1000);
+        connOpts.setCleanSession(true);
+        connOpts.setAutomaticReconnect(false);
+        if ("mqtts".equalsIgnoreCase(protocol.getProtocol())) {
+            boolean insecureSkipVerify = Boolean.parseBoolean(protocol.getInsecureSkipVerify());
+            if (insecureSkipVerify) {
+                connOpts.setHttpsHostnameVerificationEnabled(false);
+            }
+            if (Boolean.parseBoolean(protocol.getEnableMutualAuth())) {
+                connOpts.setSocketFactory(MqttSslFactory.getMslSocketFactory(protocol, insecureSkipVerify));
+            } else {
+                connOpts.setSocketFactory(MqttSslFactory.getSslSocketFactory(protocol, insecureSkipVerify));
+            }
+        }
+
+
+        StopWatch connectWatch = new StopWatch();
+        connectWatch.start();
+
+        client.connect(connOpts).waitForCompletion(Long.parseLong(protocol.getTimeout()));
+        connectWatch.stop();
+        return connectWatch.getTotalTimeMillis();
+    }
+
+
+    /**
+     * Test MQTT subscribe and publish capabilities
+     */
+    private void testSubscribeAndPublish(MqttAsyncClient client, MqttProtocol protocol, Map<Object, String> data) {
+
+        // 1 test subscribe
+        if (StringUtils.isNotBlank(protocol.getTopic())) {
+            String subscribe = testSubscribe(client, protocol.getTopic());
+            if (StringUtils.isBlank(subscribe)) {
+                data.put("canSubscribe", "Subscription successful");
+            } else {
+                data.put("canSubscribe", String.format("Subscription failed: %s", subscribe));
+            }
+
+        } else {
+            data.put("canSubscribe", "No topic, subscription test skipped");
+        }
+
+
+        // 2 test publish
+        if (StringUtils.isNotBlank(protocol.getTestMessage())) {
+            String publish = testPublish(client, protocol.getTopic(), protocol.getTestMessage());
+            if (StringUtils.isBlank(publish)) {
+                data.put("canPublish", "Message published successfully");
+
+                // 3 test receive message
+                String receivedData = getReceivedData(client, protocol.getTopic());
+                data.put("canReceive", receivedData);
+            } else {
+                data.put("canPublish", String.format("Message publishing failed: %s", publish));
+                data.put("canReceive", "Message reception skipped due to failed publish");
+            }
+        } else {
+            data.put("canPublish", "No test message, publish test skipped");
+            data.put("canReceive", "No test message, receive test skipped");
+        }
+
+
+        // 4 test unsubscribe
+        if (StringUtils.isNotBlank(protocol.getTopic())) {
+            String subscribe = testUnSubscribe(client, protocol.getTopic());
+            if (StringUtils.isBlank(subscribe)) {
+                data.put("canUnSubscribe", "Unsubscription successful");
+            } else {
+                data.put("canUnSubscribe", String.format("Unsubscription failed: %s", subscribe));
+            }
+        } else {
+            data.put("canUnSubscribe", "No topic, unsubscription test skipped");
+        }
+    }
+
+    private String getReceivedData(MqttAsyncClient client, String topic) {
+        final CountDownLatch latch = new CountDownLatch(1);
+        final StringBuilder messageHolder = new StringBuilder();
+
+
+        client.setCallback(new MqttCallback() {
+            @Override
+            public void connectionLost(Throwable cause) {
+                latch.countDown();
+            }
+
+            @Override
+            public void messageArrived(String arrivedTopic, MqttMessage message) {
+
+                if (topic.equals(arrivedTopic)) {
+                    messageHolder.append(new String(message.getPayload()));
+                    latch.countDown();
+                }
+            }
+
+            @Override
+            public void deliveryComplete(IMqttDeliveryToken token) {
            }
        });
-        testDescribeAndPublish5(client, mqttProtocol, data);
-        convertToMetricsData(builder, metrics, responseTime, data);
-        client.disconnect();
+
+        try {
+            boolean received = latch.await(5, TimeUnit.SECONDS);
+            if (messageHolder.length() > 0) {
+                return messageHolder.toString();
+            } else if (!received) {
+                return "Message reception timed out after 5 seconds";
+            } else {
+                return "No valid message received";
+            }
+        } catch (InterruptedException e) {
+            Thread.currentThread().interrupt();
+            return e.getMessage();
+        } finally {
+            client.setCallback(null);
+        }
+    }
+
+    private String testSubscribe(MqttAsyncClient client, String topic) {
+        try {
+            IMqttToken subToken = client.subscribe(topic, 1);
+            subToken.waitForCompletion(5000);
+            return "";
+        } catch (MqttException e) {
+            logger.warn("MQTT subscribe test failed: {}", e.getMessage());
+            return e.getMessage();
+        }
+    }
+
+    private String testPublish(MqttAsyncClient client, String topic, String message) {
+        try {
+            MqttMessage mqttMessage = new MqttMessage(message.getBytes());
+            mqttMessage.setQos(1);
+
+            IMqttToken pubToken = client.publish(topic, mqttMessage);
+            pubToken.waitForCompletion(5000);
+
+            return "";
+        } catch (MqttException e) {
+            logger.warn("MQTT publish test failed: {}", e.getMessage());
+            return e.getMessage();
+        }
+    }
+
+    private String testUnSubscribe(MqttAsyncClient client, String topic) {
+        try {
+            IMqttToken unsubToken = client.unsubscribe(topic);
+            unsubToken.waitForCompletion(5000);
+            return "";
+        } catch (MqttException e) {
+            logger.warn("MQTT unsubscribe test failed: {}", e.getMessage());
+            return e.getMessage();
+        }
    }

    /**
-     * collecting data of MQTT 3.1.1
+     * Convert collected data to MetricsData
     */
-    private void collectWithVersion3(Metrics metrics, Builder builder) {
-        MqttProtocol mqttProtocol = metrics.getMqtt();
-        Map<Object, String> data = new HashMap<>();
-        Mqtt3AsyncClient client = buildMqtt3Client(mqttProtocol);
-        long responseTime = connectClient(client, mqtt3AsyncClient -> {
-            CompletableFuture<Mqtt3ConnAck> connectFuture = mqtt3AsyncClient.connect();
-            try {
-                connectFuture.get(Long.parseLong(mqttProtocol.getTimeout()), TimeUnit.MILLISECONDS);
-            } catch (InterruptedException | ExecutionException | TimeoutException e) {
-                builder.setCode(CollectRep.Code.FAIL);
-                builder.setMsg(getErrorMessage(e.getMessage()));
-            }
-        });
-        testDescribeAndPublish3(client, mqttProtocol, data);
-        convertToMetricsData(builder, metrics, responseTime, data);
-        client.disconnect();
-    }
-
-    private void testDescribeAndPublish3(Mqtt3AsyncClient client, MqttProtocol mqttProtocol, Map<Object, String> data) {
-        data.put("canDescribe", test(() -> {
-            client.subscribeWith().topicFilter(mqttProtocol.getTopic()).qos(MqttQos.AT_LEAST_ONCE).send();
-            client.unsubscribeWith().topicFilter(mqttProtocol.getTopic()).send();
-        }, "subscribe").toString());
-
-        data.put("canPublish", !mqttProtocol.testPublish() ? Boolean.FALSE.toString() : test(() -> {
-            client.publishWith().topic(mqttProtocol.getTopic())
-                .payload(mqttProtocol.getTestMessage().getBytes(StandardCharsets.UTF_8))
-                .qos(MqttQos.AT_LEAST_ONCE).send();
-            data.put("canPublish", Boolean.TRUE.toString());
-        }, "publish").toString());
-    }
-
-    private void testDescribeAndPublish5(Mqtt5AsyncClient client, MqttProtocol mqttProtocol, Map<Object, String> data) {
-        data.put("canDescribe", test(() -> {
-            client.subscribeWith().topicFilter(mqttProtocol.getTopic()).qos(MqttQos.AT_LEAST_ONCE).send();
-            client.unsubscribeWith().topicFilter(mqttProtocol.getTopic()).send();
-        }, "subscribe").toString());
-
-        data.put("canPublish", !mqttProtocol.testPublish() ? Boolean.FALSE.toString() : test(() -> {
-            client.publishWith().topic(mqttProtocol.getTopic())
-                .payload(mqttProtocol.getTestMessage().getBytes(StandardCharsets.UTF_8))
-                .qos(MqttQos.AT_LEAST_ONCE).send();
-            data.put("canPublish", Boolean.TRUE.toString());
-        }, "publish").toString());
-    }
-
-    private Mqtt5AsyncClient buildMqtt5Client(MqttProtocol mqttProtocol) {
-        Mqtt5ClientBuilder mqtt5ClientBuilder = Mqtt5Client.builder()
-            .serverHost(mqttProtocol.getHost())
-            .identifier(mqttProtocol.getClientId())
-            .serverPort(Integer.parseInt(mqttProtocol.getPort()));
-
-        if (mqttProtocol.hasAuth()) {
-            mqtt5ClientBuilder.simpleAuth().username(mqttProtocol.getUsername())
-                .password(mqttProtocol.getPassword().getBytes(StandardCharsets.UTF_8))
-                .applySimpleAuth();
-        }
-        return mqtt5ClientBuilder.buildAsync();
-    }
-
-    private Mqtt3AsyncClient buildMqtt3Client(MqttProtocol mqttProtocol) {
-
-        Mqtt3ClientBuilder mqtt3ClientBuilder = Mqtt3Client.builder()
-            .serverHost(mqttProtocol.getHost())
-            .identifier(mqttProtocol.getClientId())
-            .serverPort(Integer.parseInt(mqttProtocol.getPort()));
-
-        if (mqttProtocol.hasAuth()) {
-            mqtt3ClientBuilder.simpleAuth().username(mqttProtocol.getUsername())
-                .password(mqttProtocol.getPassword().getBytes(StandardCharsets.UTF_8))
-                .applySimpleAuth();
-        }
-        return mqtt3ClientBuilder.buildAsync();
-    }
-
-    public <T> long connectClient(T client, Consumer<T> connect) {
-        StopWatch stopWatch = new StopWatch();
-        stopWatch.start();
-        connect.accept(client);
-        stopWatch.stop();
-        return stopWatch.getTotalTimeMillis();
-    }
-
    private void convertToMetricsData(Builder builder, Metrics metrics, long responseTime, Map<Object, String> data) {
        CollectRep.ValueRow.Builder valueRowBuilder = CollectRep.ValueRow.newBuilder();
        for (String column : metrics.getAliasFields()) {
@@ -207,25 +288,4 @@ public class MqttCollectImpl extends AbstractCollect {
        builder.addValueRow(valueRowBuilder.build());
    }

-    private Boolean test(Runnable runnable, String operationName) {
-        try {
-            runnable.run();
-            return true;
-        } catch (Exception e) {
-            logger.error("{} fail", operationName, e);
-        }
-        return false;
-    }
-
-    private String getErrorMessage(String errorMessage) {
-        if (StringUtils.isBlank(errorMessage)) {
-            return "connect failed";
-        }
-        String[] split = errorMessage.split(":");
-        if (split.length > 1) {
-            return Arrays.stream(split).skip(1).collect(Collectors.joining(":"));
-        }
-        return errorMessage;
-    }
-
 }
@@ -0,0 +1,186 @@
+/*
+ * Licensed to the Apache Software Foundation (ASF) under one or more
+ * contributor license agreements.  See the NOTICE file distributed with
+ * this work for additional information regarding copyright ownership.
+ * The ASF licenses this file to You under the Apache License, Version 2.0
+ * (the "License"); you may not use this file except in compliance with
+ * the License.  You may obtain a copy of the License at
+ *
+ *     http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+ *
+ * Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+ * distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+ * WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+ * See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+ * limitations under the License.
+ */
+
+package org.apache.hertzbeat.collector.collect.mqtt;
+
+import org.apache.hertzbeat.common.entity.job.protocol.MqttProtocol;
+import org.bouncycastle.asn1.pkcs.PrivateKeyInfo;
+import org.bouncycastle.jce.provider.BouncyCastleProvider;
+import org.bouncycastle.openssl.PEMKeyPair;
+import org.bouncycastle.openssl.PEMParser;
+import org.bouncycastle.openssl.jcajce.JcaPEMKeyConverter;
+
+import javax.net.ssl.SSLSocketFactory;
+import javax.net.ssl.SSLContext;
+import javax.net.ssl.TrustManager;
+import javax.net.ssl.X509TrustManager;
+import javax.net.ssl.KeyManagerFactory;
+import javax.net.ssl.TrustManagerFactory;
+import java.io.ByteArrayInputStream;
+import java.io.InputStream;
+import java.io.StringReader;
+import java.security.KeyStore;
+import java.security.PrivateKey;
+import java.security.Security;
+import java.security.cert.Certificate;
+import java.security.cert.CertificateFactory;
+import java.security.cert.X509Certificate;
+import java.util.Collection;
+
+/**
+ * Support MQTT SSL Factory
+ */
+public class MqttSslFactory {
+
+    /**
+     * Get MSL Socket Factory
+     */
+    public static SSLSocketFactory getMslSocketFactory(MqttProtocol mqttProtocol, boolean insecureSkipVerify) {
+        try {
+            Security.addProvider(new BouncyCastleProvider());
+
+            KeyStore ks = KeyStore.getInstance(KeyStore.getDefaultType());
+            ks.load(null, null);
+
+            Certificate[] chain = null;
+            if (mqttProtocol.getClientCert() != null && !mqttProtocol.getClientCert().isEmpty()) {
+                String formatClientCert = CertificateFormatter.formatCertificateChain(mqttProtocol.getClientCert());
+                try (InputStream certIn = new ByteArrayInputStream(formatClientCert.getBytes())) {
+                    CertificateFactory cf = CertificateFactory.getInstance("X.509");
+                    Collection<? extends Certificate> certs = cf.generateCertificates(certIn);
+                    chain = certs.toArray(new Certificate[0]);
+                }
+            }
+
+            PrivateKey privateKey;
+            if (mqttProtocol.getClientKey() != null && !mqttProtocol.getClientKey().isEmpty()) {
+                String formatClientKey = CertificateFormatter.formatPrivateKey(mqttProtocol.getClientKey());
+                try (PEMParser pemParser = new PEMParser(new StringReader(formatClientKey))) {
+                    JcaPEMKeyConverter converter = new JcaPEMKeyConverter().setProvider("BC");
+                    Object object = pemParser.readObject();
+
+                    if (object instanceof PEMKeyPair) {
+                        privateKey = converter.getPrivateKey(((PEMKeyPair) object).getPrivateKeyInfo());
+                    } else if (object instanceof PrivateKeyInfo) {
+                        privateKey = converter.getPrivateKey((PrivateKeyInfo) object);
+                    } else {
+                        throw new IllegalArgumentException("Unsupported private key type");
+                    }
+
+                    ks.setKeyEntry("private-key", privateKey, "".toCharArray(), chain);
+                }
+            }
+
+            TrustManager[] trustManagers;
+            if (insecureSkipVerify) {
+                trustManagers = createInsecureTrustManager();
+            } else {
+                String formatCaCert = CertificateFormatter.formatCertificateChain(mqttProtocol.getCaCert());
+                KeyStore trustStore = createMergedTrustStore(formatCaCert);
+                TrustManagerFactory tmf = TrustManagerFactory.getInstance(TrustManagerFactory.getDefaultAlgorithm());
+                tmf.init(trustStore);
+                trustManagers = tmf.getTrustManagers();
+            }
+
+            KeyManagerFactory kmf = KeyManagerFactory.getInstance(KeyManagerFactory.getDefaultAlgorithm());
+            kmf.init(ks, "".toCharArray());
+
+
+            SSLContext context = SSLContext.getInstance(mqttProtocol.getTlsVersion());
+            context.init(kmf.getKeyManagers(), trustManagers, null);
+
+            return context.getSocketFactory();
+        } catch (Exception e) {
+            throw new RuntimeException("Fails to SSL initialize: " + e.getMessage(), e);
+        }
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Get SSL Socket Factory
+     */
+    public static SSLSocketFactory getSslSocketFactory(MqttProtocol mqttProtocol, boolean insecureSkipVerify) {
+        try {
+            Security.addProvider(new BouncyCastleProvider());
+
+
+            TrustManager[] trustManagers;
+            if (insecureSkipVerify) {
+                trustManagers = createInsecureTrustManager();
+            } else {
+
+                String formatCaCert = CertificateFormatter.formatCertificateChain(mqttProtocol.getCaCert());
+                KeyStore trustStore = createMergedTrustStore(formatCaCert);
+                TrustManagerFactory tmf = TrustManagerFactory.getInstance(TrustManagerFactory.getDefaultAlgorithm());
+                tmf.init(trustStore);
+                trustManagers = tmf.getTrustManagers();
+            }
+
+            SSLContext sslContext = SSLContext.getInstance(mqttProtocol.getTlsVersion());
+            sslContext.init(null, trustManagers, null);
+
+            return sslContext.getSocketFactory();
+        } catch (Exception e) {
+            throw new RuntimeException("Fails to SSL initialize: " + e.getMessage(), e);
+        }
+    }
+
+    private static TrustManager[] createInsecureTrustManager() {
+        return new TrustManager[]{
+                new X509TrustManager() {
+                    public void checkClientTrusted(X509Certificate[] chain, String authType) {
+                    }
+
+                    public void checkServerTrusted(X509Certificate[] chain, String authType) {
+                    }
+
+                    public X509Certificate[] getAcceptedIssuers() {
+                        return new X509Certificate[0];
+                    }
+                }
+        };
+    }
+
+    private static KeyStore createMergedTrustStore(String caCertPem) throws Exception {
+        KeyStore mergedKs = KeyStore.getInstance(KeyStore.getDefaultType());
+        mergedKs.load(null, null);
+
+
+        TrustManagerFactory systemTmf = TrustManagerFactory.getInstance(TrustManagerFactory.getDefaultAlgorithm());
+        systemTmf.init((KeyStore) null);
+        X509TrustManager systemTm = (X509TrustManager) systemTmf.getTrustManagers()[0];
+
+        int systemIndex = 1;
+        for (X509Certificate cert : systemTm.getAcceptedIssuers()) {
+            mergedKs.setCertificateEntry("system-ca-" + systemIndex++, cert);
+        }
+
+
+        if (caCertPem != null && !caCertPem.isEmpty()) {
+            try (InputStream caIn = new ByteArrayInputStream(caCertPem.getBytes())) {
+                CertificateFactory cf = CertificateFactory.getInstance("X.509");
+                Collection<? extends Certificate> customCerts = cf.generateCertificates(caIn);
+
+                int customIndex = 1;
+                for (Certificate cert : customCerts) {
+                    mergedKs.setCertificateEntry("custom-ca-" + customIndex++, cert);
+                }
+            }
+        }
+
+        return mergedKs;
+    }
+}
@@ -17,11 +17,6 @@

 package org.apache.hertzbeat.collector.collect.database;

-import static org.junit.jupiter.api.Assertions.assertDoesNotThrow;
-import static org.junit.jupiter.api.Assertions.assertEquals;
-import static org.junit.jupiter.api.Assertions.assertThrows;
-import static org.junit.jupiter.api.Assertions.assertNotEquals;
-
 import org.apache.hertzbeat.collector.dispatch.DispatchConstants;
 import org.apache.hertzbeat.common.entity.job.Metrics;
 import org.apache.hertzbeat.common.entity.job.protocol.JdbcProtocol;
@@ -29,6 +24,14 @@ import org.apache.hertzbeat.common.entity.message.CollectRep;
 import org.junit.jupiter.api.BeforeEach;
 import org.junit.jupiter.api.Test;

+import java.lang.reflect.InvocationTargetException;
+import java.lang.reflect.Method;
+
+import static org.junit.jupiter.api.Assertions.assertDoesNotThrow;
+import static org.junit.jupiter.api.Assertions.assertEquals;
+import static org.junit.jupiter.api.Assertions.assertNotEquals;
+import static org.junit.jupiter.api.Assertions.assertThrows;
+
 /**
 * Test case for {@link JdbcCommonCollect}
 */
@@ -128,4 +131,81 @@ class JdbcCommonCollectTest {
        String protocol = jdbcCommonCollect.supportProtocol();
        assertEquals(DispatchConstants.PROTOCOL_JDBC, protocol);
    }
+
+    @Test
+    void testUrlPassThrough() {
+        String[] testUrls = {
+                "jdbc:mysql://localhost:3306/test?allowPublicKeyRetrieval=true&useSSL=false",
+                "jdbc:mysql://localhost:3306/test?usessl=false&verifyServerCertificate=true",
+                "jdbc:mysql://localhost:3306/test?serverTimezone=UTC&autoReconnect=false"
+        };
+        JdbcCommonCollect jdbcCollect = new JdbcCommonCollect();
+        for (String originalUrl : testUrls) {
+            try {
+                JdbcProtocol jdbcProtocol = JdbcProtocol.builder()
+                        .host("localhost")
+                        .port("3306")
+                        .platform("mysql")
+                        .username("root")
+                        .password("root")
+                        .database("test")
+                        .url(originalUrl)
+                        .build();
+                
+                // Use reflection to call constructDatabaseUrl method
+                Method constructMethod = JdbcCommonCollect.class.getDeclaredMethod("constructDatabaseUrl", JdbcProtocol.class, String.class, String.class);
+                constructMethod.setAccessible(true);
+                String processedUrl = (String) constructMethod.invoke(jdbcCollect, jdbcProtocol, "localhost", "3306");
+                // Verify that the processed URL is the same as the original URL
+                assertEquals(originalUrl, processedUrl, 
+                    "URL should be passed through without modification: " + originalUrl);
+            } catch (Exception e) {
+                System.out.println("URL rejected by security validation: " + originalUrl + ", reason: " + e.getMessage());
+            }
+        }
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    void testConstructDatabaseUrlSecurityInterception() {
+        JdbcCommonCollect jdbcCollect = new JdbcCommonCollect();
+        String[] maliciousUrls = {
+                // URL length limit test
+                "jdbc:mysql://localhost:3306/test?" + "a".repeat(2050) + "=value",
+                // url format check
+                "jdbca:mysql://localhost:3306/test?allowLoadLocalInfile=true",
+                // backlist check
+                "jdbc:mysql://localhost:3306/test?allowLoadLocalInfile=true",
+                // universal detection of JDBC injection and deserialization attacks
+                "jdbc:mysql://localhost:3306/test?jndi:ldap://duansg.com/exploit",
+                // universal detection of bypass
+                "jdbc:mysql://localhost:3306/test?param=create\\trigger",
+                // database platform specific bypass detection
+                "jdbc:mysql://localhost:3306/test?allow\\nload\\nlocal\\ninfile=true"
+
+        };
+
+        // Test malicious URLs - should throw exceptions
+        for (String maliciousUrl : maliciousUrls) {
+            JdbcProtocol jdbcProtocol = JdbcProtocol.builder()
+                    .host("localhost")
+                    .port("3306")
+                    .platform("mysql")
+                    .username("root")
+                    .password("root")
+                    .database("test")
+                    .url(maliciousUrl)
+                    .build();
+
+            assertThrows(Exception.class, () -> {
+                try {
+                    Method constructMethod = JdbcCommonCollect.class.getDeclaredMethod("constructDatabaseUrl", JdbcProtocol.class, String.class, String.class);
+                    constructMethod.setAccessible(true);
+                    constructMethod.invoke(jdbcCollect, jdbcProtocol, "localhost", "3306");
+                } catch (InvocationTargetException e) {
+                    throw e.getCause();
+                }
+            }, "Malicious URL should be blocked: " + maliciousUrl);
+        }
+    }
+
 }
@@ -17,15 +17,6 @@

 package org.apache.hertzbeat.collector.collect.http;

-import static org.junit.jupiter.api.Assertions.assertNotNull;
-import static org.junit.jupiter.api.Assertions.assertThrows;
-import static org.junit.jupiter.api.Assertions.assertEquals;
-
-import java.lang.reflect.Method;
-import java.util.Arrays;
-import java.util.List;
-import java.util.ArrayList;
-
 import com.google.common.collect.Lists;
 import org.apache.hertzbeat.collector.dispatch.DispatchConstants;
 import org.apache.hertzbeat.common.entity.job.Metrics;
@@ -34,6 +25,18 @@ import org.apache.hertzbeat.common.entity.message.CollectRep;
 import org.junit.jupiter.api.BeforeEach;
 import org.junit.jupiter.api.Test;

+import java.io.ByteArrayInputStream;
+import java.io.InputStream;
+import java.lang.reflect.Method;
+import java.nio.charset.StandardCharsets;
+import java.util.ArrayList;
+import java.util.Arrays;
+import java.util.List;
+
+import static org.junit.jupiter.api.Assertions.assertEquals;
+import static org.junit.jupiter.api.Assertions.assertNotNull;
+import static org.junit.jupiter.api.Assertions.assertThrows;
+
 /**
 * Test case for {@link HttpCollectImpl}
 */
@@ -186,4 +189,356 @@ class HttpCollectImplTest {
        assertEquals("0.0", secondRow.getColumns(2), "Second server CPU should be 0.0");
        assertEquals("0", secondRow.getColumns(3), "Second server memory should be 0");
    }
+
+    @Test
+    void parseResponseByJsonPath() throws Exception {
+        String jsonResponse = "{"
+                + "  \"name\": \"jvm.memory.used\","
+                + "  \"description\": \"The amount of used memory\","
+                + "  \"baseUnit\": \"bytes\","
+                + "  \"measurements\": ["
+                + "    {"
+                + "      \"statistic\": \"VALUE\","
+                + "      \"value\": 90282296"
+                + "    }"
+                + "  ],"
+                + "  \"availableTags\": ["
+                + "    {"
+                + "      \"tag\": \"area\","
+                + "      \"values\": ["
+                + "        \"heap\","
+                + "        \"nonheap\""
+                + "      ]"
+                + "    },"
+                + "    {"
+                + "      \"tag\": \"id\","
+                + "      \"values\": ["
+                + "        \"G1 Survivor Space\","
+                + "        \"G1 Eden Space\""
+                + "      ]"
+                + "    }"
+                + "  ]"
+                + "}";
+
+        HttpProtocol http = HttpProtocol.builder()
+                .parseType(DispatchConstants.PARSE_JSON_PATH)
+                .parseScript("$.availableTags[?(@.tag == \"id\")].values[*]")
+                .build();
+        List<CollectRep.ValueRow> capturedRows = new ArrayList<>();
+        CollectRep.MetricsData.Builder builder = new CollectRep.MetricsData.Builder() {
+            @Override
+            public CollectRep.MetricsData.Builder addValueRow(CollectRep.ValueRow valueRow) {
+                capturedRows.add(valueRow);
+                return super.addValueRow(valueRow);
+            }
+        };
+        Method parseMethod = HttpCollectImpl.class.getDeclaredMethod(
+                "parseResponseByJsonPath",
+                String.class,
+                List.class,
+                HttpProtocol.class,
+                CollectRep.MetricsData.Builder.class,
+                Long.class);
+        parseMethod.setAccessible(true);
+
+        // Call the method
+        parseMethod.invoke(httpCollectImpl, jsonResponse, Lists.newArrayList("id"), http, builder, 100L);
+
+        // Verify the results
+        assertEquals(2, capturedRows.size());
+        CollectRep.ValueRow firstRow = capturedRows.get(0);
+        assertEquals("G1 Survivor Space", firstRow.getColumns(0));
+        CollectRep.ValueRow secondRow = capturedRows.get(1);
+        assertEquals("G1 Eden Space", secondRow.getColumns(0));
+
+        // number
+        String numberJson = "{"
+                + "  \"name\": \"system.cpu.usage\","
+                + "  \"description\": \"The \\\"recent cpu usage\\\" of the system the application is running in\","
+                + "  \"measurements\": ["
+                + "    {"
+                + "      \"statistic\": \"VALUE\","
+                + "      \"value\": 0.268751364291017"
+                + "    }"
+                + "  ],"
+                + "  \"availableTags\": []"
+                + "}";
+        http = HttpProtocol.builder()
+                .parseType(DispatchConstants.PARSE_JSON_PATH)
+                .parseScript("$.measurements[?(@.statistic == \"VALUE\")].value")
+                .build();
+        capturedRows.clear();
+        builder = new CollectRep.MetricsData.Builder() {
+            @Override
+            public CollectRep.MetricsData.Builder addValueRow(CollectRep.ValueRow valueRow) {
+                capturedRows.add(valueRow);
+                return super.addValueRow(valueRow);
+            }
+        };
+        parseMethod = HttpCollectImpl.class.getDeclaredMethod(
+                "parseResponseByJsonPath",
+                String.class,
+                List.class,
+                HttpProtocol.class,
+                CollectRep.MetricsData.Builder.class,
+                Long.class);
+        parseMethod.setAccessible(true);
+
+        // Call the method
+        parseMethod.invoke(httpCollectImpl, numberJson, Lists.newArrayList("usage"), http, builder, 100L);
+
+        // Verify the results
+        assertEquals(1, capturedRows.size());
+        firstRow = capturedRows.get(0);
+        assertEquals("0.268751364291017", firstRow.getColumns(0));
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    void testParsePromQlLabelValue() throws Exception {
+        // Create Prometheus format test data
+        String prometheusData = """
+                {
+                  "status": "success",
+                  "data": {
+                    "resultType": "vector",
+                    "result": [
+                      {
+                        "metric": {
+                          "__name__": "taos_cluster_info_first_ep",
+                          "cluster_id": "590779086215866783",
+                          "instance": "host.docker.internal:6043",
+                          "job": "tdengine",
+                          "value": "localhost:6030"
+                        },
+                        "value": [
+                          1756233177.048,
+                          "1"
+                        ]
+                      }
+                    ]
+                  }
+                }""";
+        List<CollectRep.ValueRow> capturedRows = new ArrayList<>();
+        CollectRep.MetricsData.Builder builder = new CollectRep.MetricsData.Builder() {
+            @Override
+            public CollectRep.MetricsData.Builder addValueRow(CollectRep.ValueRow valueRow) {
+                capturedRows.add(valueRow);
+                return super.addValueRow(valueRow);
+            }
+
+            @Override
+            public String getMetrics() {
+                return "jvm_memory_used_bytes";
+            }
+        };
+        Method parseMethod = HttpCollectImpl.class.getDeclaredMethod(
+                "parseResponseByPromQl",
+                String.class,
+                List.class,
+                HttpProtocol.class,
+                CollectRep.MetricsData.Builder.class);
+        parseMethod.setAccessible(true);
+
+        parseMethod.invoke(httpCollectImpl, prometheusData, Lists.newArrayList("cluster_id", "value"), new HttpProtocol(), builder);
+
+        // Verify the results
+        assertEquals(1, capturedRows.size());
+        CollectRep.ValueRow firstRow = capturedRows.get(0);
+        assertEquals("590779086215866783", firstRow.getColumns(0));
+        assertEquals("localhost:6030", firstRow.getColumns(1));
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    void testParsePromQlMetricValue() throws Exception {
+        // Create Prometheus format test data
+        String prometheusData = """
+                {
+                  "status": "success",
+                  "data": {
+                    "resultType": "vector",
+                    "result": [
+                      {
+                        "metric": {
+                          "__name__": "taos_cluster_info_first_ep",
+                          "cluster_id": "590779086215866783",
+                          "instance": "host.docker.internal:6043",
+                          "job": "tdengine",
+                          "value": "localhost:6030"
+                        },
+                        "value": [
+                          1756233177.048,
+                          "1"
+                        ]
+                      }
+                    ]
+                  }
+                }""";
+        List<CollectRep.ValueRow> capturedRows = new ArrayList<>();
+        CollectRep.MetricsData.Builder builder = new CollectRep.MetricsData.Builder() {
+            @Override
+            public CollectRep.MetricsData.Builder addValueRow(CollectRep.ValueRow valueRow) {
+                capturedRows.add(valueRow);
+                return super.addValueRow(valueRow);
+            }
+
+            @Override
+            public String getMetrics() {
+                return "jvm_memory_used_bytes";
+            }
+        };
+        Method parseMethod = HttpCollectImpl.class.getDeclaredMethod(
+                "parseResponseByPromQl",
+                String.class,
+                List.class,
+                HttpProtocol.class,
+                CollectRep.MetricsData.Builder.class);
+        parseMethod.setAccessible(true);
+
+        parseMethod.invoke(httpCollectImpl, prometheusData, Lists.newArrayList("cluster_id", "value", "metric_value"), new HttpProtocol(), builder);
+
+        // Verify the results
+        assertEquals(1, capturedRows.size());
+        CollectRep.ValueRow firstRow = capturedRows.get(0);
+        assertEquals("590779086215866783", firstRow.getColumns(0));
+        assertEquals("localhost:6030", firstRow.getColumns(1));
+        assertEquals("1", firstRow.getColumns(2));
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    void testParsePromQlValue() throws Exception {
+        // Create Prometheus format test data
+        String prometheusData = """
+                {
+                  "status": "success",
+                  "data": {
+                    "resultType": "vector",
+                    "result": [
+                      {
+                        "metric": {
+                          "__name__": "taos_cluster_info_first_ep",
+                          "cluster_id": "590779086215866783",
+                          "instance": "host.docker.internal:6043",
+                          "job": "tdengine"
+                        },
+                        "value": [
+                          1756233177.048,
+                          "1"
+                        ]
+                      }
+                    ]
+                  }
+                }""";
+        List<CollectRep.ValueRow> capturedRows = new ArrayList<>();
+        CollectRep.MetricsData.Builder builder = new CollectRep.MetricsData.Builder() {
+            @Override
+            public CollectRep.MetricsData.Builder addValueRow(CollectRep.ValueRow valueRow) {
+                capturedRows.add(valueRow);
+                return super.addValueRow(valueRow);
+            }
+
+            @Override
+            public String getMetrics() {
+                return "jvm_memory_used_bytes";
+            }
+        };
+        Method parseMethod = HttpCollectImpl.class.getDeclaredMethod(
+                "parseResponseByPromQl",
+                String.class,
+                List.class,
+                HttpProtocol.class,
+                CollectRep.MetricsData.Builder.class);
+        parseMethod.setAccessible(true);
+
+        parseMethod.invoke(httpCollectImpl, prometheusData, Lists.newArrayList("cluster_id", "value"), new HttpProtocol(), builder);
+
+        // Verify the results
+        assertEquals(1, capturedRows.size());
+        CollectRep.ValueRow firstRow = capturedRows.get(0);
+        assertEquals("590779086215866783", firstRow.getColumns(0));
+        assertEquals("1", firstRow.getColumns(1));
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    void testParsePrometheusLabelValue() throws Exception {
+        // Create Prometheus format test data
+        String prometheusData = """
+                # HELP jvm_memory_used_bytes The amount of used memory in bytes
+                # TYPE jvm_memory_used_bytes gauge
+                jvm_memory_used_bytes{area="heap",value="G1 Survivor Space"} 1048576
+                """;
+        InputStream inputStream = new ByteArrayInputStream(prometheusData.getBytes(StandardCharsets.UTF_8));
+        
+        List<CollectRep.ValueRow> capturedRows = new ArrayList<>();
+        CollectRep.MetricsData.Builder builder = new CollectRep.MetricsData.Builder() {
+            @Override
+            public CollectRep.MetricsData.Builder addValueRow(CollectRep.ValueRow valueRow) {
+                capturedRows.add(valueRow);
+                return super.addValueRow(valueRow);
+            }
+
+            @Override
+            public String getMetrics() {
+                return "jvm_memory_used_bytes";
+            }
+        };
+        Method parseMethod = HttpCollectImpl.class.getDeclaredMethod(
+                "parseResponseByPrometheusExporter",
+                InputStream.class,
+                List.class,
+                CollectRep.MetricsData.Builder.class);
+        parseMethod.setAccessible(true);
+
+        parseMethod.invoke(httpCollectImpl, inputStream, Lists.newArrayList("area", "value"), builder);
+
+        // Verify the results
+        assertEquals(1, capturedRows.size());
+        CollectRep.ValueRow firstRow = capturedRows.get(0);
+        assertEquals("heap", firstRow.getColumns(0));
+        assertEquals("G1 Survivor Space", firstRow.getColumns(1));
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    void testParsePrometheus() throws Exception {
+        // Create Prometheus format test data
+        String prometheusData = """
+                # HELP jvm_memory_used_bytes The amount of used memory
+                # TYPE jvm_memory_used_bytes gauge
+                jvm_memory_used_bytes{area="heap",id="G1 Eden Space"} 1.63577856E8
+                jvm_memory_used_bytes{area="heap",id="G1 Old Gen"} 2.7874304E7
+                jvm_memory_used_bytes{area="heap",id="G1 Survivor Space"} 512032.0
+                jvm_memory_used_bytes{area="nonheap",id="CodeCache"} 1.460288E7
+                jvm_memory_used_bytes{area="nonheap",id="Compressed Class Space"} 5844504.0
+                jvm_memory_used_bytes{area="nonheap",id="Metaspace"} 4.1576344E7
+                """;
+        InputStream inputStream = new ByteArrayInputStream(prometheusData.getBytes(StandardCharsets.UTF_8));
+
+        List<CollectRep.ValueRow> capturedRows = new ArrayList<>();
+        CollectRep.MetricsData.Builder builder = new CollectRep.MetricsData.Builder() {
+            @Override
+            public CollectRep.MetricsData.Builder addValueRow(CollectRep.ValueRow valueRow) {
+                capturedRows.add(valueRow);
+                return super.addValueRow(valueRow);
+            }
+
+            @Override
+            public String getMetrics() {
+                return "jvm_memory_used_bytes";
+            }
+        };
+        Method parseMethod = HttpCollectImpl.class.getDeclaredMethod(
+                "parseResponseByPrometheusExporter",
+                InputStream.class,
+                List.class,
+                CollectRep.MetricsData.Builder.class);
+        parseMethod.setAccessible(true);
+
+        parseMethod.invoke(httpCollectImpl, inputStream, Lists.newArrayList("area", "id"), builder);
+
+        // Verify the results
+        assertEquals(6, capturedRows.size());
+        CollectRep.ValueRow firstRow = capturedRows.get(0);
+        assertEquals("heap", firstRow.getColumns(0));
+        assertEquals("G1 Eden Space", firstRow.getColumns(1));
+        capturedRows.forEach(t -> assertEquals(2, t.getColumnsList().size()));
+    }
 }
@@ -17,108 +17,91 @@

 package org.apache.hertzbeat.collector.collect.mqtt;

-import com.hivemq.client.mqtt.MqttVersion;
+import static org.junit.jupiter.api.Assertions.assertDoesNotThrow;
+import static org.junit.jupiter.api.Assertions.assertEquals;
+import static org.junit.jupiter.api.Assertions.assertThrows;
+
 import org.apache.hertzbeat.collector.dispatch.DispatchConstants;
 import org.apache.hertzbeat.common.entity.job.Metrics;
 import org.apache.hertzbeat.common.entity.job.protocol.MqttProtocol;
-import org.apache.hertzbeat.common.entity.message.CollectRep;
-import org.junit.jupiter.api.Assertions;
 import org.junit.jupiter.api.BeforeEach;
 import org.junit.jupiter.api.Test;

-import java.util.ArrayList;
-
-import static org.junit.jupiter.api.Assertions.assertDoesNotThrow;
-import static org.junit.jupiter.api.Assertions.assertThrows;
-
 /**
 * Test case for {@link MqttCollectImpl}
 */
-public class MqttCollectTest {
+class MqttCollectTest {
    private MqttCollectImpl mqttCollect;
    private Metrics metrics;
-    private CollectRep.MetricsData.Builder builder;
+    private MqttProtocol.MqttProtocolBuilder mqttBuilder;

    @BeforeEach
-    public void setup() {
+    void setup() {
        mqttCollect = new MqttCollectImpl();
-        MqttProtocol mqtt = MqttProtocol.builder().build();
-        metrics = Metrics.builder()
-                .mqtt(mqtt)
-                .build();
-        builder = CollectRep.MetricsData.newBuilder();
+        metrics = new Metrics();
+
+        // Initialize base MQTT parameters for test cases
+        mqttBuilder = MqttProtocol.builder()
+                .host("example.com")
+                .port("1883")
+                .protocol("mqtt")
+                .timeout("5000")
+                .keepalive("60");
+    }
+
+    // Region: preCheck validation tests
+
+    @Test
+    // Verify preCheck throws exception when host is missing
+    void preCheckShouldThrowWhenHostMissing() {
+        metrics.setMqtt(mqttBuilder.host("").build());
+        assertThrows(IllegalArgumentException.class, () -> mqttCollect.preCheck(metrics));
    }

    @Test
-    void preCheck() {
-        // host is empty
-        assertThrows(IllegalArgumentException.class, () -> {
-            mqttCollect.preCheck(metrics);
-        });
-
-        // port is empty
-        assertThrows(IllegalArgumentException.class, () -> {
-            MqttProtocol mqtt = MqttProtocol.builder().build();
-            mqtt.setHost("example.com");
-            metrics.setMqtt(mqtt);
-            mqttCollect.preCheck(metrics);
-        });
-
-        // protocol version is empty
-        assertThrows(IllegalArgumentException.class, () -> {
-            MqttProtocol mqtt = MqttProtocol.builder().build();
-            mqtt.setHost("example.com");
-            mqtt.setPort("1883");
-            metrics.setMqtt(mqtt);
-            mqttCollect.preCheck(metrics);
-        });
-
-        // everything is ok
-        assertDoesNotThrow(() -> {
-            MqttProtocol mqtt = MqttProtocol.builder().build();
-            mqtt.setHost("example.com");
-            mqtt.setPort("1883");
-            metrics.setMqtt(mqtt);
-            mqtt.setProtocolVersion("3.1.1");
-            mqttCollect.preCheck(metrics);
-        });
+    // Verify preCheck throws exception when port is missing
+    void preCheckShouldThrowWhenPortMissing() {
+        metrics.setMqtt(mqttBuilder.port("").build());
+        assertThrows(IllegalArgumentException.class, () -> mqttCollect.preCheck(metrics));
    }

    @Test
-    void supportProtocol() {
-        Assertions.assertEquals(DispatchConstants.PROTOCOL_MQTT, mqttCollect.supportProtocol());
+    // Verify preCheck throws exception when MQTTS mutual auth is enabled but CA cert is missing
+    void preCheckShouldThrowWhenMqttsMutualAuthMissingCerts() {
+        metrics.setMqtt(mqttBuilder
+                .protocol("mqtts")
+                .enableMutualAuth("true")
+                .caCert("")
+                .clientCert("client.crt")
+                .clientKey("client.key")
+                .build());
+        assertThrows(IllegalArgumentException.class, () -> mqttCollect.preCheck(metrics));
    }

    @Test
-    void collect() {
-        // with version 3.1.1
-        assertDoesNotThrow(() -> {
-            MqttProtocol mqtt = MqttProtocol.builder().build();
-            mqtt.setHost("example.com");
-            mqtt.setPort("1883");
-            mqtt.setClientId("clientid");
-            mqtt.setTimeout("1");
-            mqtt.setProtocolVersion(MqttVersion.MQTT_3_1_1.name());
+    // Verify preCheck succeeds with valid standard MQTT parameters
+    void preCheckShouldSucceedWithValidMqttParams() {
+        metrics.setMqtt(mqttBuilder.build());
+        assertDoesNotThrow(() -> mqttCollect.preCheck(metrics));
+    }

-            metrics.setMqtt(mqtt);
-            metrics.setAliasFields(new ArrayList<>());
+    @Test
+    // Verify preCheck succeeds with valid MQTTS parameters including mutual authentication
+    void preCheckShouldSucceedWithValidMqttsMutualAuth() {
+        metrics.setMqtt(mqttBuilder
+                .protocol("mqtts")
+                .enableMutualAuth("true")
+                .caCert("ca.pem")
+                .clientCert("client.crt")
+                .clientKey("client.key")
+                .build());
+        assertDoesNotThrow(() -> mqttCollect.preCheck(metrics));
+    }
+    // End region

-            mqttCollect.collect(builder, metrics);
-        });
-
-        
-        assertDoesNotThrow(() -> {
-            MqttProtocol mqtt = MqttProtocol.builder().build();
-            mqtt.setHost("example.com");
-            mqtt.setPort("1883");
-            mqtt.setClientId("clientid");
-            mqtt.setTimeout("1");
-            mqtt.setProtocolVersion(MqttVersion.MQTT_5_0.name());
-
-            metrics.setMqtt(mqtt);
-            metrics.setAliasFields(new ArrayList<>());
-
-            mqttCollect.collect(builder, metrics);
-        });
+    @Test
+    // Verify supportProtocol method returns correct MQTT constant
+    void supportProtocolShouldReturnMqttConstant() {
+        assertEquals(DispatchConstants.PROTOCOL_MQTT, mqttCollect.supportProtocol());
    }
 }
@@ -70,14 +70,11 @@
            <version>${hertzbeat.version}</version>
        </dependency>

-
-
        <!-- spring -->
        <dependency>
            <groupId>org.springframework.boot</groupId>
            <artifactId>spring-boot-starter-web</artifactId>
        </dependency>
-
        <dependency>
            <groupId>org.springframework.boot</groupId>
            <artifactId>spring-boot-configuration-processor</artifactId>
@@ -87,7 +84,15 @@
            <groupId>org.springframework.boot</groupId>
            <artifactId>spring-boot-autoconfigure</artifactId>
        </dependency>
-
+        <!-- metrics -->
+        <dependency>
+            <groupId>org.springframework.boot</groupId>
+            <artifactId>spring-boot-starter-actuator</artifactId>
+        </dependency>
+        <dependency>
+            <groupId>io.micrometer</groupId>
+            <artifactId>micrometer-registry-prometheus</artifactId>
+        </dependency>
    </dependencies>

    <build>
@@ -23,6 +23,7 @@ import lombok.AllArgsConstructor;
 import lombok.Data;
 import lombok.extern.slf4j.Slf4j;
 import org.apache.hertzbeat.collector.dispatch.entrance.internal.CollectJobService;
+import org.apache.hertzbeat.collector.metrics.HertzBeatMetricsCollector;
 import org.apache.hertzbeat.common.timer.Timeout;
 import org.apache.hertzbeat.collector.timer.TimerDispatch;
 import org.apache.hertzbeat.collector.timer.WheelTimerTask;
@@ -33,6 +34,7 @@ import org.apache.hertzbeat.common.entity.job.Job;
 import org.apache.hertzbeat.common.entity.job.Metrics;
 import org.apache.hertzbeat.common.entity.message.CollectRep;
 import org.apache.hertzbeat.common.queue.CommonDataQueue;
+import org.springframework.beans.factory.annotation.Autowired;
 import org.springframework.stereotype.Component;

 import java.util.HashMap;
@@ -90,6 +92,9 @@ public class CommonDispatcher implements MetricsTaskDispatch, CollectDataDispatc

    private final String collectorIdentity;

+    @Autowired
+    private HertzBeatMetricsCollector metricsCollector;
+
    public CommonDispatcher(MetricsCollectorQueue jobRequestQueue,
                            TimerDispatch timerDispatch,
                            CommonDataQueue commonDataQueue,
@@ -153,12 +158,23 @@ public class CommonDispatcher implements MetricsTaskDispatch, CollectDataDispatc
            for (Map.Entry<String, MetricsTime> entry : metricsTimeoutMonitorMap.entrySet()) {
                MetricsTime metricsTime = entry.getValue();
                if (metricsTime.getStartTime() < deadline) {
-                    // Metrics collection timeout  
+                    // Metrics collection timeout
+                    MetricsTime removedMetricsTime = metricsTimeoutMonitorMap.remove(entry.getKey());
+                    if (removedMetricsTime == null) {
+                        continue;
+                    }
                    WheelTimerTask timerJob = (WheelTimerTask) metricsTime.getTimeout().task();
+                    Job job = timerJob.getJob();
+                    // timeout metrics
+                    if (metricsCollector != null) {
+                        long duration = System.currentTimeMillis() - removedMetricsTime.getStartTime();
+                        metricsCollector.recordCollectMetrics(job, duration, "timeout");
+                    }
+
                    CollectRep.MetricsData metricsData = CollectRep.MetricsData.newBuilder()
-                            .setId(timerJob.getJob().getMonitorId())
-                            .setTenantId(timerJob.getJob().getTenantId())
-                            .setApp(timerJob.getJob().getApp())
+                            .setId(job.getMonitorId())
+                            .setTenantId(job.getTenantId())
+                            .setApp(job.getApp())
                            .setMetrics(metricsTime.getMetrics().getName())
                            .setPriority(metricsTime.getMetrics().getPriority())
                            .setTime(System.currentTimeMillis())
@@ -167,7 +183,6 @@ public class CommonDispatcher implements MetricsTaskDispatch, CollectDataDispatc
                    if (metricsData.getPriority() == 0) {
                        dispatchCollectData(metricsTime.timeout, metricsTime.getMetrics(), metricsData);
                    }
-                    metricsTimeoutMonitorMap.remove(entry.getKey());
                }
            }
        } catch (Exception e) {
@@ -177,7 +192,7 @@ public class CommonDispatcher implements MetricsTaskDispatch, CollectDataDispatc

    @Override
    public void dispatchMetricsTask(Timeout timeout) {
-        // Divide the collection task of a single application into corresponding collection tasks of the metrics according to the metrics under it.
+        // Divide the collection task of a single application into corresponding collection tasks of the metrics under it.
        // Put each collect task into the thread pool for scheduling
        WheelTimerTask timerTask = (WheelTimerTask) timeout.task();
        Job job = timerTask.getJob();
@@ -201,16 +216,27 @@ public class CommonDispatcher implements MetricsTaskDispatch, CollectDataDispatc
    public void dispatchCollectData(Timeout timeout, Metrics metrics, CollectRep.MetricsData metricsData) {
        WheelTimerTask timerJob = (WheelTimerTask) timeout.task();
        Job job = timerJob.getJob();
+        String monitorKey;
+        if (metrics.isHasSubTask()) {
+            monitorKey = job.getId() + "-" + metrics.getName() + "-sub-" + metrics.getSubTaskId();
+        } else {
+            monitorKey = job.getId() + "-" + metrics.getName();
+        }
+        MetricsTime metricsTime = metricsTimeoutMonitorMap.remove(monitorKey);
+
+        // job completed metrics
+        if (metricsTime != null && metricsCollector != null) {
+            long duration = System.currentTimeMillis() - metricsTime.getStartTime();
+            String status = metricsData.getCode() == CollectRep.Code.SUCCESS ? "success" : "fail";
+            metricsCollector.recordCollectMetrics(job, duration, status);
+        }
        if (metrics.isHasSubTask()) {
-            metricsTimeoutMonitorMap.remove(job.getId() + "-" + metrics.getName() + "-sub-" + metrics.getSubTaskId());
            boolean isLastTask = metrics.consumeSubTaskResponse(metricsData);
            if (isLastTask) {
                metricsData = metrics.getSubTaskDataRef().get().build();
            } else {
                return;
            }
-        } else {
-            metricsTimeoutMonitorMap.remove(job.getId() + "-" + metrics.getName());
        }
        Set<Metrics> metricsSet = job.getNextCollectMetrics(metrics, false);
        if (job.isCyclic()) {
@@ -322,7 +348,13 @@ public class CommonDispatcher implements MetricsTaskDispatch, CollectDataDispatc
    public void dispatchCollectData(Timeout timeout, Metrics metrics, List<CollectRep.MetricsData> metricsDataList) {
        WheelTimerTask timerJob = (WheelTimerTask) timeout.task();
        Job job = timerJob.getJob();
-        metricsTimeoutMonitorMap.remove(String.valueOf(job.getId()));
+        MetricsTime metricsTime = metricsTimeoutMonitorMap.remove(String.valueOf(job.getId()));
+        if (metricsTime != null && metricsCollector != null) {
+            long duration = System.currentTimeMillis() - metricsTime.getStartTime();
+            // For a list, we consider it a success if at least one item is successful.
+            boolean isSuccess = metricsDataList.stream().anyMatch(item -> item.getCode() == CollectRep.Code.SUCCESS);
+            metricsCollector.recordCollectMetrics(job, duration, isSuccess ? "success" : "fail");
+        }
        if (job.isCyclic()) {
            // The collection and execution of all task of this job are completed.
            // The periodic task pushes the task to the time wheel again.
@@ -340,7 +372,6 @@ public class CommonDispatcher implements MetricsTaskDispatch, CollectDataDispatc
            // and the result listener is notified of the combination of all metrics data
            timerDispatch.responseSyncJobData(job.getId(), metricsDataList);
        }
-
    }


@@ -354,4 +385,4 @@ public class CommonDispatcher implements MetricsTaskDispatch, CollectDataDispatc
        private Metrics metrics;
        private Timeout timeout;
    }
-}
+}
@@ -422,6 +422,9 @@ public class MetricsCollect implements Runnable, Comparable<MetricsCollect> {
     */
    private Object[] transformCal(String cal, Map<String, String> fieldAliasMap) {
        int splitIndex = cal.indexOf("=");
+        if (splitIndex < 0) {
+            return null;
+        }
        String field = cal.substring(0, splitIndex).trim();
        String expressionStr = cal.substring(splitIndex + 1).trim().replace("\\#", "#");
        JexlExpression expression;
@@ -0,0 +1,89 @@
+/*
+ *   Licensed to the Apache Software Foundation (ASF) under one or more
+ *   contributor license agreements.  See the NOTICE file distributed with
+ *   this work for additional information regarding copyright ownership.
+ *   The ASF licenses this file to You under the Apache License, Version 2.0
+ *   (the "License"); you may not use this file except in compliance with
+ *   the License.  You may obtain a copy of the License at
+ *
+ *       http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+ *
+ *  Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+ * distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+ *  WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+ * See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+ * limitations under the License.
+ *
+ */
+
+package org.apache.hertzbeat.collector.metrics;
+
+import io.micrometer.core.instrument.Counter;
+import io.micrometer.core.instrument.MeterRegistry;
+import io.micrometer.core.instrument.Timer;
+import lombok.extern.slf4j.Slf4j;
+import org.apache.hertzbeat.common.entity.job.Job;
+import org.springframework.stereotype.Service;
+
+import java.time.Duration;
+import java.util.Map;
+
+/**
+ * Service for managing and recording Micrometer metrics.
+ * This service uses Micrometer which integrates natively with Spring Boot Actuator.
+ */
+@Service
+@Slf4j
+public class HertzBeatMetricsCollector {
+
+    private final MeterRegistry meterRegistry;
+
+    public HertzBeatMetricsCollector(MeterRegistry meterRegistry) {
+        this.meterRegistry = meterRegistry;
+        log.info("MetricsService initialized with MeterRegistry: {}", meterRegistry.getClass().getSimpleName());
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Records the metrics for a completed collection sub-task.
+     *
+     * @param job            The parent job containing monitor info.
+     * @param durationMillis The duration of the collection task in milliseconds.
+     * @param status         The final status of the collection ("success", "fail", "timeout").
+     */
+    public void recordCollectMetrics(Job job, long durationMillis, String status) {
+        if (job == null) {
+            return;
+        }
+
+        Map<String, String> metadata = job.getMetadata();
+        String monitorName = metadata != null ? metadata.get("instancename") : "unknown";
+        String monitorTarget = metadata != null ? metadata.get("instancehost") : "unknown";
+
+        // Record collection count
+        Counter.builder("hertzbeat.collect.total")
+                .description("The total number of collection tasks executed")
+                .tag("status", status)
+                .tag("monitor_type", job.getApp())
+                .tag("monitor_id", String.valueOf(job.getMonitorId()))
+                .tag("monitor_name", monitorName)
+                .tag("monitor_target", monitorTarget)
+                .register(meterRegistry)
+                .increment();
+
+        // Record collection duration
+        Timer.builder("hertzbeat.collect.duration")
+                .description("The duration of collection task executions")
+                .tag("status", status)
+                .tag("monitor_type", job.getApp())
+                .tag("monitor_id", String.valueOf(job.getMonitorId()))
+                .tag("monitor_name", monitorName)
+                .tag("monitor_target", monitorTarget)
+                .register(meterRegistry)
+                .record(Duration.ofMillis(durationMillis));
+
+        if (log.isDebugEnabled()) {
+            log.debug("Recorded metrics for monitor [{}] ({}): status={}, duration={}ms",
+                    monitorName, job.getMonitorId(), status, durationMillis);
+        }
+    }
+}
@@ -30,7 +30,23 @@ spring:
  # need to disable spring boot mongodb auto config, or default mongodb connection tried and failed...
  autoconfigure:
    exclude: org.springframework.boot.autoconfigure.mongo.MongoAutoConfiguration, org.springframework.boot.autoconfigure.data.mongo.MongoDataAutoConfiguration, org.springframework.boot.autoconfigure.jdbc.DataSourceAutoConfiguration, org.springframework.boot.autoconfigure.orm.jpa.HibernateJpaAutoConfiguration
-
+management:
+  endpoints:
+    web:
+      exposure:
+        include:
+          - 'prometheus'
+  endpoint:
+    prometheus:
+      access: read_only
+  metrics:
+    tags:
+      application: ${spring.application.name}
+      environment: ${spring.profiles.active}
+  prometheus:
+    metrics:
+      export:
+        enabled: true
 ---
 spring:
  config:
@@ -39,7 +55,7 @@ spring:

 collector:
  info:
-    version: ${COLLECTOR_VERSION:1.7.1}
+    version: ${COLLECTOR_VERSION:1.7.3}
    ip: ${COLLECTOR_IP:}
  dispatch:
    entrance:
@@ -22,8 +22,11 @@ import io.netty.channel.ChannelHandlerContext;
 import lombok.extern.slf4j.Slf4j;
 import org.apache.hertzbeat.collector.timer.TimerDispatch;
 import org.apache.hertzbeat.common.constants.CommonConstants;
+import org.apache.hertzbeat.common.entity.dto.ServerInfo;
 import org.apache.hertzbeat.common.entity.message.ClusterMsg;
 import org.apache.hertzbeat.common.support.SpringContextHolder;
+import org.apache.hertzbeat.common.util.AesUtil;
+import org.apache.hertzbeat.common.util.JsonUtil;
 import org.apache.hertzbeat.remoting.netty.NettyRemotingProcessor;

 /**
@@ -40,6 +43,16 @@ public class GoOnlineProcessor implements NettyRemotingProcessor {
        if (this.timerDispatch == null) {
            this.timerDispatch = SpringContextHolder.getBean(TimerDispatch.class);
        }
+        if (message.getMsg().isEmpty()) {
+            log.warn("The message that server response to collector is empty, please upgrade server");
+        } else {
+            ServerInfo serverInfo = JsonUtil.fromJson(message.getMsg().toStringUtf8(), ServerInfo.class);
+            if (serverInfo == null || serverInfo.getAesSecret() == null) {
+                log.warn("The message that server response to collector has not secret empty, please check");
+            } else {
+                AesUtil.setDefaultSecretKey(serverInfo.getAesSecret());
+            }
+        }
        timerDispatch.goOnline();
        log.info("receive online message and handle success");
        return ClusterMsg.Message.newBuilder()
@@ -171,7 +171,16 @@ public final class CollectUtil {
     * assert prom field
     */
    public static Boolean assertPromRequireField(String aliasField) {
-        return CommonConstants.PROM_TIME.equals(aliasField) || CommonConstants.PROM_VALUE.equals(aliasField);
+        return CommonConstants.PROM_TIME.equals(aliasField)
+            || CommonConstants.PROM_VALUE.equals(aliasField)
+            || CommonConstants.PROM_METRIC_VALUE.equals(aliasField);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Check if "value" field should be treated as a label instead of special field
+     */
+    public static Boolean isValueAsLabel(String aliasField, JsonObject metric) {
+        return CommonConstants.PROM_VALUE.equals(aliasField) && null != metric && metric.has(aliasField);
    }

    /**
@@ -19,7 +19,6 @@ package org.apache.hertzbeat.common.config;

 import org.apache.hertzbeat.common.constants.ConfigConstants;
 import org.apache.hertzbeat.common.constants.SignConstants;
-import org.apache.hertzbeat.common.util.AesUtil;
 import org.springframework.boot.autoconfigure.AutoConfiguration;
 import org.springframework.boot.context.properties.EnableConfigurationProperties;
 import org.springframework.context.annotation.ComponentScan;
@@ -34,10 +33,4 @@ import org.springframework.context.annotation.ComponentScan;
        + ConfigConstants.FunctionModuleConstants.COMMON)
@EnableConfigurationProperties(CommonProperties.class)
 public class CommonConfig {
-
-    public CommonConfig(CommonProperties commonProperties) {
-        if (commonProperties != null && commonProperties.getSecret() != null) {
-            AesUtil.setDefaultSecretKey(commonProperties.getSecret());
-        }
-    }
 }
@@ -87,6 +87,11 @@ public interface CommonConstants {
     */
    String LABEL_INSTANCE = "instance";

+    /**
+     * label key: defineid
+     */
+    String LABEL_DEFINE_ID = "defineid";
+
    /**
     * label key: alert name
     */
@@ -192,6 +197,11 @@ public interface CommonConstants {
     */
    String PROM_VALUE = "value";

+    /**
+     * prometheus metric value alias
+     */
+    String PROM_METRIC_VALUE = "metric_value";
+
    /**
     * Parameter Type Number
     */
@@ -367,4 +377,9 @@ public interface CommonConstants {
     * status page incident state resolved
     */
    byte MONITOR_TYPE_DISCOVERY_AUTO_CREATE = 2;
+
+    /**
+     * JEXL custom function `json`
+     */
+    String JEXL_CUSTOM_JSON_FUNCTION = "json";
 }
@@ -0,0 +1,62 @@
+/*
+ * Licensed to the Apache Software Foundation (ASF) under one or more
+ * contributor license agreements.  See the NOTICE file distributed with
+ * this work for additional information regarding copyright ownership.
+ * The ASF licenses this file to You under the Apache License, Version 2.0
+ * (the "License"); you may not use this file except in compliance with
+ * the License.  You may obtain a copy of the License at
+ *
+ *     http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+ *
+ * Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+ * distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+ * WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+ * See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+ * limitations under the License.
+ */
+
+package org.apache.hertzbeat.common.constants;
+
+import java.util.Arrays;
+
+/**
+ * Jexl keywords enum
+ */
+public enum JexlKeywordsEnum {
+
+    SIZE("size"),
+    EMPTY("empty"),
+    NEW("new"),
+    VAR("var"),
+    RETURN("return"),
+    IF("if"),
+    ELSE("else"),
+    ELSEIF("elseif"),
+    WHILE("while"),
+    DO("do"),
+    FOR("for"),
+    CONTINUE("continue"),
+    BREAK("break"),
+    TRUE("true"),
+    FALSE("false"),
+    NULL("null"),
+    UNDEFINED("undefined");
+
+    private final String keyword;
+
+    JexlKeywordsEnum(String keyword) {
+        this.keyword = keyword;
+    }
+
+    public String getKeyword() {
+        return keyword;
+    }
+
+    public static boolean match(String word) {
+        if (word == null || word.trim().isEmpty()) {
+            return false;
+        }
+        return Arrays.stream(values()).anyMatch(t -> t.keyword.equals(word));
+    }
+
+}
@@ -0,0 +1,40 @@
+/*
+ * Licensed to the Apache Software Foundation (ASF) under one or more
+ * contributor license agreements.  See the NOTICE file distributed with
+ * this work for additional information regarding copyright ownership.
+ * The ASF licenses this file to You under the Apache License, Version 2.0
+ * (the "License"); you may not use this file except in compliance with
+ * the License.  You may obtain a copy of the License at
+ *
+ *     http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+ *
+ * Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+ * distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+ * WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+ * See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+ * limitations under the License.
+ */
+
+package org.apache.hertzbeat.common.entity.dto;
+
+import io.swagger.v3.oas.annotations.media.Schema;
+import lombok.AllArgsConstructor;
+import lombok.Builder;
+import lombok.Data;
+import lombok.NoArgsConstructor;
+
+/**
+ * collector info
+ */
+@Data
+@Builder
+@AllArgsConstructor
+@NoArgsConstructor
+@Schema(description = "manager server info")
+public class ServerInfo {
+
+    /**
+     * the aes secret key value for aes encode decode
+     */
+    private String aesSecret;
+}
@@ -33,49 +33,73 @@ import org.apache.commons.lang3.StringUtils;
 public class MqttProtocol implements CommonRequestProtocol, Protocol {

    /**
-     * ip address or domain name of the peer host
-     */
-    private String host;
-
-    /**
-     * peer host port
-     */
-    private String port;
-
-    /**
-     * username
-     */
-    private String username;
-
-    /**
-     * password
-     */
-    private String password;
-
-    /**
-     * time out period
-     */
-    private String timeout;
-
-    /**
-     * client id
+     * mqtt client id
     */
    private String clientId;
-
    /**
-     * message used to test whether the mqtt connection can be pushed normally
+     * mqtt username
     */
-    private String testMessage;
-
+    private String username;
    /**
-     * protocol version of mqtt
+     * mqtt password
     */
-    private String protocolVersion;
-
+    private String password;
    /**
-     * monitor topic
+     * mqtt host
+     */
+    private String host;
+    /**
+     * mqtt port
+     */
+    private String port;
+    /**
+     * mqtt protocol version
+     * MQTT,MQTTS
+     */
+    private String protocol;
+    /**
+     * mqtt connect timeout
+     * the maximum time to wait for a connection to be established
+     */
+    private String timeout;
+    /**
+     * mqtt keepalive
+     * between ping requests to the broker to keep the connection alive
+     */
+    private String keepalive;
+    /**
+     * mqtt topic name
     */
    private String topic;
+    /**
+     * mqtt publish message
+     */
+    private String testMessage;
+    /**
+     * mqtt tls version
+     * TLSv1.2, TLSv1.3
+     */
+    private String tlsVersion;
+    /**
+     * mqtt tls insecure skip verify server certificate
+     */
+    private String insecureSkipVerify;
+    /**
+     * mqtt tls ca cert
+     */
+    private String caCert;
+    /**
+     * mqtt tls enable mutual auth
+     */
+    private String enableMutualAuth;
+    /**
+     * mqtt tls client cert
+     */
+    private String clientCert;
+    /**
+     * mqtt tls client key
+     */
+    private String clientKey;

    /**
     * Determine whether authentication is required
@@ -85,11 +109,4 @@ public class MqttProtocol implements CommonRequestProtocol, Protocol {
        return StringUtils.isNotBlank(this.username) && StringUtils.isNotBlank(this.password);
    }

-    /**
-     * Determine whether you need to test whether messages can be pushed normally
-     * @return turn if it has test message
-     */
-    public boolean testPublish(){
-        return StringUtils.isNotBlank(this.testMessage);
-    }
 }
@@ -0,0 +1,28 @@
+/*
+ * Licensed to the Apache Software Foundation (ASF) under one or more
+ * contributor license agreements.  See the NOTICE file distributed with
+ * this work for additional information regarding copyright ownership.
+ * The ASF licenses this file to You under the Apache License, Version 2.0
+ * (the "License"); you may not use this file except in compliance with
+ * the License.  You may obtain a copy of the License at
+ *
+ *     http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+ *
+ * Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+ * distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+ * WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+ * See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+ * limitations under the License.
+ */
+
+package org.apache.hertzbeat.common.support.exception;
+
+/**
+ * Alert expression exception
+ */
+public class AlertExpressionException extends RuntimeException {
+
+    public AlertExpressionException(String message) {
+        super(message);
+    }
+}
@@ -0,0 +1,29 @@
+/*
+ * Licensed to the Apache Software Foundation (ASF) under one or more
+ * contributor license agreements.  See the NOTICE file distributed with
+ * this work for additional information regarding copyright ownership.
+ * The ASF licenses this file to You under the Apache License, Version 2.0
+ * (the "License"); you may not use this file except in compliance with
+ * the License.  You may obtain a copy of the License at
+ *
+ *     http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+ *
+ * Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+ * distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+ * WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+ * See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+ * limitations under the License.
+ */
+
+package org.apache.hertzbeat.common.support.exception;
+
+/**
+ * Expression visitor exception
+ */
+public class ExpressionVisitorException extends RuntimeException {
+
+
+    public ExpressionVisitorException(String message, Throwable cause) {
+        super(message, cause);
+    }
+}
@@ -37,7 +37,7 @@ public final class AesUtil {
     *  Default encryption key The AES encryption key is 16 bits by default.
     *  If the AES encryption key is larger than or smaller than 16 bits, an error message is displayed
     */
-    private static final String ENCODE_RULES = "tomSun28HaHaHaHa";
+    public static final String DEFAULT_ENCODE_RULES = "tomSun28HaHaHaHa";

    /**
     * Default algorithm
@@ -50,13 +50,17 @@ public final class AesUtil {
     * Encryption key The AES encryption key is 16 bits.
     * If the AES encryption key is larger than 16 bits, an error message is displayed
     */
-    private static String secretKey = ENCODE_RULES;
+    private static String secretKey = DEFAULT_ENCODE_RULES;

    private AesUtil() {}

    public static void setDefaultSecretKey(String secretKeyNow) {
        secretKey = secretKeyNow;
    }
+    
+    public static String getDefaultSecretKey() {
+        return secretKey;
+    }

    public static String aesEncode(String content) {
        return aesEncode(content, secretKey);
@@ -109,9 +113,9 @@ public final class AesUtil {
            byte[] byteDecode = getBytes(content, decryptKey);
            return new String(byteDecode, StandardCharsets.UTF_8);
        } catch (BadPaddingException e) {
-            if (!ENCODE_RULES.equals(decryptKey)) {
+            if (!DEFAULT_ENCODE_RULES.equals(decryptKey)) {
                log.warn("There has default encode secret encode content, try to decode with default secret key");
-                return aesDecode(content, ENCODE_RULES);
+                return aesDecode(content, DEFAULT_ENCODE_RULES);
            }
            log.error("aes decode content error: {}, please config right common secret key", e.getMessage());
            return content;
@@ -19,15 +19,19 @@

 package org.apache.hertzbeat.common.util;

+import com.fasterxml.jackson.core.type.TypeReference;
 import com.google.common.collect.Maps;
-import java.nio.charset.StandardCharsets;
-import java.util.Map;
 import org.apache.commons.jexl3.JexlBuilder;
 import org.apache.commons.jexl3.JexlContext;
 import org.apache.commons.jexl3.JexlEngine;
 import org.apache.commons.jexl3.JexlExpression;
 import org.apache.commons.jexl3.JexlFeatures;
 import org.apache.commons.jexl3.MapContext;
+import org.apache.hertzbeat.common.constants.CommonConstants;
+
+import java.nio.charset.StandardCharsets;
+import java.util.Map;
+import java.util.function.Function;

 /**
 * jexl express runner
@@ -41,6 +45,7 @@ public class JexlExpressionRunner {
        Map<String, Object> functions = Maps.newLinkedHashMap();
        // set the root namespace function
        functions.put(null, new JexlCommonFunction());
+        functions.put(CommonConstants.JEXL_CUSTOM_JSON_FUNCTION, jsonFunction());
        ClassLoader classLoader = new ClassLoader() {
            @Override
            public String getName() {
@@ -78,5 +83,17 @@ public class JexlExpressionRunner {
    public static JexlExpression compile(String expression) {
        return jexlEngine.createExpression(expression);
    }
-    
+
+    /**
+     * custom function `json:apply(xx)`
+     *
+     * @return java.util.function.Function
+     */
+    private static Function<String, Map<String, Object>> jsonFunction() {
+        return json -> {
+            TypeReference<Map<String, Object>> typeReference = new TypeReference<>() {
+            };
+            return JsonUtil.fromJson(json, typeReference);
+        };
+    }
 }
@@ -17,6 +17,8 @@

 package org.apache.hertzbeat.common.util;

+import com.fasterxml.jackson.annotation.JsonAutoDetect;
+import com.fasterxml.jackson.annotation.PropertyAccessor;
 import com.fasterxml.jackson.core.JsonProcessingException;
 import com.fasterxml.jackson.core.type.TypeReference;
 import com.fasterxml.jackson.databind.DeserializationFeature;
@@ -44,6 +46,7 @@ public final class JsonUtil {
        OBJECT_MAPPER
                .configure(DeserializationFeature.FAIL_ON_UNKNOWN_PROPERTIES, false)
                .configure(SerializationFeature.FAIL_ON_EMPTY_BEANS, false)
+                .setVisibility(PropertyAccessor.FIELD, JsonAutoDetect.Visibility.ANY)
                .registerModule(new JavaTimeModule());
    }

@@ -0,0 +1,167 @@
+/*
+ * Licensed to the Apache Software Foundation (ASF) under one or more
+ * contributor license agreements.  See the NOTICE file distributed with
+ * this work for additional information regarding copyright ownership.
+ * The ASF licenses this file to You under the Apache License, Version 2.0
+ * (the "License"); you may not use this file except in compliance with
+ * the License.  You may obtain a copy of the License at
+ *
+ *     http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+ *
+ * Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+ * distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+ * WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+ * See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+ * limitations under the License.
+ */
+
+package org.apache.hertzbeat.common.util;
+
+import org.apache.commons.lang3.ArrayUtils;
+import org.apache.commons.lang3.StringUtils;
+import org.apache.commons.lang3.builder.ToStringBuilder;
+import org.apache.commons.lang3.builder.ToStringStyle;
+import org.slf4j.Logger;
+
+import java.text.MessageFormat;
+
+/**
+ * Log utility class that provides formatted logging methods with location information.
+ * This class enhances standard SLF4J logging by automatically adding caller location details.
+ */
+public class LogUtil {
+
+    private static final String TEMPLATE_REGEX = "\\{\\d}";
+
+    /**
+     * Print debug level formatted log
+     * Example: LogUtil.debug(logger, "hello,{0},here has a {1} exception", "other information");
+     */
+    @SuppressWarnings("unused")
+    public static void debug(Logger logger, String msg, Object... params) {
+        if (logger.isDebugEnabled()) {
+
+            if (ArrayUtils.isEmpty(params)) {
+                logger.debug(LogUtil.buildLocationInfo() + msg);
+            } else {
+                logger.debug(LogUtil.buildLocationInfo() + format(msg, params));
+            }
+        }
+    }
+
+
+    /**
+     * Print info level formatted log
+     * Example: LogUtil.info(logger, "hello,{0},{1} exception", "dear", "database operation");
+     */
+    public static void info(Logger logger, String msg, Object... params) {
+        if (logger.isInfoEnabled()) {
+            if (ArrayUtils.isEmpty(params)) {
+                logger.info(LogUtil.buildLocationInfo() + msg);
+            } else {
+                logger.info(LogUtil.buildLocationInfo() + format(msg, params));
+            }
+        }
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Print warn level formatted log
+     */
+    public static void warn(Logger logger, String msg, Object... params) {
+        if (logger.isWarnEnabled()) {
+            if (ArrayUtils.isEmpty(params)) {
+                logger.warn(LogUtil.buildLocationInfo() + msg);
+            } else {
+                logger.warn(LogUtil.buildLocationInfo() + format(msg, params));
+            }
+        }
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Print error level formatted log, use {0},{1},.. for parameter replacement
+     * Example: LogUtil.error(logger, "hello,{0}, a {1} exception occurred here", "dear", "database operation");
+     */
+    public static void error(Logger logger, String msg, Object... params) {
+        if (logger.isErrorEnabled()) {
+            if (ArrayUtils.isEmpty(params)) {
+                logger.error(LogUtil.buildLocationInfo() + msg);
+            } else {
+                logger.error(LogUtil.buildLocationInfo() + format(msg, params));
+            }
+        }
+
+    }
+
+
+    /**
+     * Print warn level formatted log with exception, use {0},{1},.. for parameter replacement
+     * Example: LogUtil.warn(logger, e, "hello,{0}, a {1} exception occurred here", "dear", "database operation");
+     */
+    public static void warn(Logger logger, Throwable e, String msg, Object... params) {
+        if (logger.isWarnEnabled()) {
+            if (ArrayUtils.isEmpty(params)) {
+                logger.warn(LogUtil.buildLocationInfo() + msg, e);
+            } else {
+                logger.warn(LogUtil.buildLocationInfo() + format(msg, params), e);
+            }
+        }
+    }
+
+
+    /**
+     * Print error level formatted log with exception, use {0},{1},.. for parameter replacement
+     * Example: LogUtil.error(logger, e, "hello,{0}, a {1} exception occurred here", "dear", "database operation");
+     */
+    public static void error(Logger logger, Throwable e, String msg, Object... params) {
+        if (logger.isErrorEnabled()) {
+            if (ArrayUtils.isEmpty(params)) {
+                logger.error(LogUtil.buildLocationInfo() + msg, e);
+            } else {
+                logger.error(LogUtil.buildLocationInfo() + format(msg, params), e);
+            }
+        }
+
+    }
+
+
+    /**
+     * Get the class name, method and line number that calls LogUtil
+     *
+     * @return location information string
+     */
+    private static String buildLocationInfo() {
+        StringBuilder header = new StringBuilder();
+        // LOG4J2-1029 new Throwable().getStackTrace is faster than Thread.currentThread().getStackTrace().
+        final StackTraceElement[] stackTraceElements = new Throwable().getStackTrace();
+
+        for (int i = 0; i < stackTraceElements.length - 1; i++) {
+            StackTraceElement currentStackTrace = stackTraceElements[i];
+            StackTraceElement nextStackTrace = stackTraceElements[i + 1];
+
+            // If current stack trace is in LogUtil
+            // and next stack trace is not in LogUtil
+            // then the next node is the caller of LogUtil
+            if (LogUtil.class.getName().equals(currentStackTrace.getClassName())
+                    && !LogUtil.class.getName().equals(nextStackTrace.getClassName())) {
+                String stackTrace = nextStackTrace.toString();
+                header.append(" ").append(StringUtils.removeStart(stackTrace, nextStackTrace.getClassName() + "."));
+                break;
+            }
+        }
+        return header.append(":").toString();
+    }
+
+    private static String format(String msg, Object... params) {
+        if (StringUtils.isEmpty(msg)) {
+            return StringUtils.EMPTY;
+        }
+        if (params != null && params.length > 0) {
+            msg = MessageFormat.format(msg, params);
+        }
+        return msg.replaceAll(TEMPLATE_REGEX, StringUtils.EMPTY);
+    }
+
+    private static String toString(Object object) {
+        return ToStringBuilder.reflectionToString(object, ToStringStyle.SHORT_PREFIX_STYLE);
+    }
+}
@@ -90,4 +90,15 @@ class AesUtilTest {
        assertFalse(isCiphertext(encryptedText, invalidKey));
    }

+    @Test
+    void testDefaultKeyCompatibility() {
+        // Test with default key
+        String originalText = "This is a secret message";
+        // encode use default secret key
+        String encryptedText = aesEncode(originalText, AesUtil.DEFAULT_ENCODE_RULES);
+        // decode use new secret key
+        String decryptedText = aesDecode(encryptedText, "newkey1234567890");
+        // old data can decode with default secret key
+        assertEquals(originalText, decryptedText);
+    }
 }
@@ -21,6 +21,7 @@ package org.apache.hertzbeat.common.util;

 import static org.junit.jupiter.api.Assertions.assertEquals;
 import static org.junit.jupiter.api.Assertions.assertNotNull;
+import static org.junit.jupiter.api.Assertions.assertNull;
 import static org.junit.jupiter.api.Assertions.assertThrows;

 import java.util.HashMap;
@@ -69,4 +70,21 @@ public class JexlExpressionRunnerTest {
                contains("Abc", "a")
                """)); 
    }
+
+    @Test
+    void testJsonFunction() {
+        Map<String, Object> context = new HashMap<String, Object>();
+        context.put("$.info", "{\"current\":537132,\"grantTotal\":63129,\"instanceCode\":\"CSDZMC\",\"timeMillis\":1754579874357}");
+
+        String expression = "json:apply($.info).current";
+
+        JexlExpression expObj = JexlExpressionRunner.compile(expression);
+        assertEquals(537132, JexlExpressionRunner.evaluate(expObj, context));
+
+        context.put("$.info", "{\"grantTotal\":63129,\"instanceCode\":\"CSDZMC\",\"timeMillis\":1754579874357}");
+        assertNull(JexlExpressionRunner.evaluate(expObj, context));
+
+        context.clear();
+        assertNull(JexlExpressionRunner.evaluate(expObj, context));
+    }
 }
@@ -0,0 +1,117 @@
+/*
+ * Licensed to the Apache Software Foundation (ASF) under one or more
+ * contributor license agreements.  See the NOTICE file distributed with
+ * this work for additional information regarding copyright ownership.
+ * The ASF licenses this file to You under the Apache License, Version 2.0
+ * (the "License"); you may not use this file except in compliance with
+ * the License.  You may obtain a copy of the License at
+ *
+ *     http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+ *
+ * Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+ * distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+ * WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+ * See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+ * limitations under the License.
+ */
+
+package org.apache.hertzbeat.common.util;
+
+import org.junit.jupiter.api.AfterEach;
+import org.junit.jupiter.api.BeforeEach;
+import org.junit.jupiter.api.Test;
+import org.mockito.ArgumentCaptor;
+import org.mockito.Mock;
+import org.mockito.MockitoAnnotations;
+import org.slf4j.Logger;
+import java.lang.reflect.Method;
+import static org.junit.jupiter.api.Assertions.assertEquals;
+import static org.junit.jupiter.api.Assertions.assertTrue;
+import static org.mockito.Mockito.anyString;
+import static org.mockito.Mockito.contains;
+import static org.mockito.Mockito.eq;
+import static org.mockito.Mockito.never;
+import static org.mockito.Mockito.verify;
+import static org.mockito.Mockito.when;
+
+class LogUtilTest {
+
+    @Mock
+    private Logger mockLogger;
+    
+    private AutoCloseable mocks;
+
+    @BeforeEach
+    void setUp() {
+        mocks = MockitoAnnotations.openMocks(this);
+    }
+    
+    @AfterEach
+    void tearDown() throws Exception {
+        if (mocks != null) {
+            mocks.close();
+        }
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    void testFormat_noParams_returnsOriginalMessage() throws Exception {
+        String original = "hello world";
+        Method formatMethod = LogUtil.class.getDeclaredMethod("format", String.class, Object[].class);
+        formatMethod.setAccessible(true);
+        String formatted = (String) formatMethod.invoke(null, original, new Object[0]);
+        assertEquals(original, formatted);
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    void testFormat_withParams_replacesPlaceholders() throws Exception {
+        String template = "hello,{0}, world {1}!";
+        Method formatMethod = LogUtil.class.getDeclaredMethod("format", String.class, Object[].class);
+        formatMethod.setAccessible(true);
+        Object[] params = {"Alice", 123};
+        String result = (String) formatMethod.invoke(null, template, params);
+        assertTrue(result.contains("hello,Alice"));
+        assertTrue(result.contains("world 123!"));
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    void testDebug_noParams_logsRawMessage() {
+        when(mockLogger.isDebugEnabled()).thenReturn(true);
+        String msg = "test-debug";
+        LogUtil.debug(mockLogger, msg);
+        verify(mockLogger).debug(contains(msg));
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    void testDebug_withParams_logsFormattedMessage() {
+        when(mockLogger.isDebugEnabled()).thenReturn(true);
+        LogUtil.debug(mockLogger, "user={0}", "Bob");
+        verify(mockLogger).debug(contains("user=Bob"));
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    void testInfo_levelOff_doesNotLog() {
+        when(mockLogger.isInfoEnabled()).thenReturn(false);
+        LogUtil.info(mockLogger, "should-not-log");
+        verify(mockLogger, never()).info(anyString());
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    void testWarn_withException_logsMessageAndException() {
+        when(mockLogger.isWarnEnabled()).thenReturn(true);
+        RuntimeException ex = new RuntimeException("warn-ex");
+        LogUtil.warn(mockLogger, ex, "warning {0}", "occurred");
+        ArgumentCaptor<String> captor = ArgumentCaptor.forClass(String.class);
+        verify(mockLogger).warn(captor.capture(), eq(ex));
+        assertTrue(captor.getValue().contains("warning occurred"));
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    void testError_withExceptionAndParams_logsError() {
+        when(mockLogger.isErrorEnabled()).thenReturn(true);
+        RuntimeException ex = new RuntimeException("err");
+        LogUtil.error(mockLogger, ex, "fail code {0}", 500);
+        ArgumentCaptor<String> captor = ArgumentCaptor.forClass(String.class);
+        verify(mockLogger).error(captor.capture(), eq(ex));
+        assertTrue(captor.getValue().contains("fail code 500"));
+    }
+}
@@ -31,7 +31,6 @@
        <maven.compiler.source>17</maven.compiler.source>
        <maven.compiler.target>17</maven.compiler.target>
        <project.build.sourceEncoding>UTF-8</project.build.sourceEncoding>
-        <mysql.version>8.0.30</mysql.version>
        <postgresql.version>42.5.5</postgresql.version>
    </properties>

@@ -82,9 +81,8 @@

        <!-- JDBC Drivers -->
        <dependency>
-            <groupId>mysql</groupId>
-            <artifactId>mysql-connector-java</artifactId>
-            <version>${mysql.version}</version>
+            <groupId>com.mysql</groupId>
+            <artifactId>mysql-connector-j</artifactId>
            <scope>test</scope>
            <optional>true</optional>
        </dependency>
--- a/Show More
+++ b/Show More